SAT必看范文 忠誠(chéng)是有害還是有利？

　　GRE Is loyalty always a positive force?

　　SAT Should people always be loyal?

　　各位同學(xué)，SAT和GRE的部分文章題目特別吻合。眾所周知，GRE的范文多展現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的critical thinking ability因此，為了增強(qiáng)SAT考生的分析問(wèn)題的能力，筆者對(duì)一些重點(diǎn)GRE范文進(jìn)行分析

　　Is loyalty all too often a destructive force, rather than a virtue, as the speaker contends? To answer this question it is crucial to draw a distinction between loyalty as an abstract concept and its application. Apart from its consequences, loyalty is clearly a virtue that all humans should strive to develop. Loyalty is part of a universal ethos that we commonly refer to as the golden rule: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. However, whether loyalty in its application amounts to virtue depends on its extent and its object.

　　本段譯文：是否像題中人說(shuō)的那樣，通常情況下，忠誠(chéng)是破壞性的力量而非美德?要回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，我們需要區(qū)分忠誠(chéng)這個(gè)抽象概念與其具體應(yīng)用。撇開忠誠(chéng)帶來(lái)的后果不談，顯然它本身是一種美德。所有人都應(yīng)該努力去做到忠誠(chéng)。忠誠(chéng)是社會(huì)意識(shí)的一部分。通常，我們說(shuō)忠誠(chéng)是金科玉律：己所不欲勿施于人。但是，在實(shí)際情況下，忠誠(chéng)是否能和美德劃等號(hào)還取決于人們多大程度上去保持忠誠(chéng)，以及對(duì)誰(shuí)忠誠(chéng)。

　　本段必背單詞：all too often常常;destructive破壞性的;virtue美德;crucial必要的;draw a distinction between A and B區(qū)分A和B;strive to努力;develop培養(yǎng);universal廣泛的;ethos社會(huì)思潮;refer to as稱為;golden rule重要原則;amount to意味著;object對(duì)象

　　First consider the ways in which loyalty, if exercised in proper measure and direction, can be a positive force. Relationships between spouses and other exclusive pairs require some degree of trust in order to endure; and loyalty is part-and-parcel of that trust. Similarly, employment relationships depend on some measure of mutual loyalty, without which job attrition would run so rampant that societys economic productivity would virtually come to a halt. And, without some mutual loyalty between a sovereign state and its citizenry there can be no security or safety from either revolt or invasion. The world would quickly devolve into anarchy or into a despotic state ordered by brute force.

　　本段譯文：首先我們要考慮忠誠(chéng)的方式。如果尺度和方向正確，那么忠誠(chéng)就是積極力量。配偶以及其他排外性關(guān)系需要一定程度的信任才能持久。忠誠(chéng)是信任的重要組成部分。同樣，雇傭關(guān)系也需要一定程度的相互忠誠(chéng)，否則會(huì)摩擦不斷，以至經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯。并且，如果主權(quán)國(guó)家和人民之間沒(méi)有相互忠誠(chéng)那么就會(huì)有叛亂或入侵。那時(shí)安定將不復(fù)存在。世界也會(huì)迅速淪為殘暴勢(shì)力下的無(wú)政府或?qū)Ｖ茽顟B(tài)。

　　本段必背單詞：exercise實(shí)行;proper measure合適的尺度;spouse配偶;exclusive排他的;part-and-parcel重要的組成部分;attrition摩擦;rampant蔓延的;come to a halt停步不前;sovereign有主權(quán)的;revolt反叛;invasion入侵;devolve衰落;anarchy無(wú)政府主義;despotic暴君的;brute殘暴的

　　On the other hand, misguided or overextended loyalty can amount to a divisive and even destructive force. In school, undue loyalty to popular social cliques often leads to insulting and abusive language or behavior toward students outside these cliques. Undue loyalty to a spouse or other partner can lead to acquiescence in abusive treatment by that partner and abuse of oneself by continuing to be loyal despite the abuse.

　　本段譯文：另一方面，錯(cuò)誤的或者過(guò)分的忠誠(chéng)是有破壞性的。在學(xué)校，對(duì)于學(xué)校小團(tuán)體的過(guò)分忠誠(chéng)會(huì)引起對(duì)于非此類圈子同學(xué)的侮辱和謾罵。對(duì)于配偶的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)則會(huì)使人在受虐待后仍保持沉默。繼續(xù)忠誠(chéng)只會(huì)讓自己受虐待。

　　本段必背單詞：misguided錯(cuò)誤的;overextended過(guò)分的;divisive造成不和的;undue過(guò)度飛;clique小團(tuán)體;insulting侮辱的;acquiescence默許;despite盡管

　　Misguided loyalty can also occur between people and their institutions. Undue loyalty to college alma maters often leads to job discrimination---for example, when a job candidate with the same alma mater as that of the person making the hiring decision is chosen over a more qualified candidate from a different school. Loyalty to ones employer can also become a destructive force, if it leads to deceptive business practices and disregard for regulations designed to protect public health and safety. By way of undue loyalty to their employers, employees sometimes harm themselves as well. Specifically, many employees fail to advance their own careers by moving on to another place of work, or type of work altogether, because of a misplaced sense of loyalty to one company. Finally, and perhaps foremost in terms of destructive potential, is misguided loyalty to ones country or political leaders. History shows all too well that fine line between patriotism and irrational jingoism can lead to such atrocities as persecution, genocide, and war.

　　本段譯文：錯(cuò)誤的忠誠(chéng)也表現(xiàn)在人與機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)系上。對(duì)母校的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致工作歧視---比如，一位能力沒(méi)有別人強(qiáng)的求職者被錄用，而原因就是因?yàn)樗兔嬖嚬賮?lái)自同一大學(xué)。如果對(duì)雇主的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)使人做出欺詐性的商業(yè)行為或者忽視保護(hù)公共安全和健康的規(guī)則，那么這種忠誠(chéng)也可能是極具破壞性的。對(duì)雇主的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)也會(huì)傷害雇員自己。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，很多雇員不會(huì)換工作來(lái)推進(jìn)自己的職業(yè)生涯就是因?yàn)閷?duì)某個(gè)公司過(guò)于忠誠(chéng)。最后，也可能是最具有破壞性的是對(duì)國(guó)家或政治領(lǐng)袖的忠誠(chéng)。歷史上太多事例表明愛國(guó)主義與侵略主義之間如果分不清楚，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致諸如迫害，種族滅絕和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這類暴行。

　　本段必背單詞：institution機(jī)構(gòu);alma maters母校;candidate求職者;qualified合格的;deceptive business practice欺詐性的商業(yè)行為;regulation：規(guī)則;all too well：太;fine line細(xì)微差別

　　Patriotism愛國(guó)主義;jingoism軍國(guó)主義;atrocity暴行;persecution迫害;genocide種族滅絕

　　To sum up, without loyalty there can be no basis for trust between two people, or between people and their institutions. A world devoid of loyalty would be a paranoid, if not anarchical, one. Nevertheless, loyalty must be tempered by other virtues, such as fairness, tolerance, and respect for other people and for oneself. Otherwise, I agree that it can serve to divide, damage, and even destroy.

　　本段譯文：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有忠誠(chéng)就沒(méi)有人與人之間，人與組織之間信任的基礎(chǔ)。一個(gè)沒(méi)有忠誠(chéng)的世界如果不是混亂的，那也是多疑的世界。然而正必須由公正、容忍以及對(duì)他人的尊重這樣的美德來(lái)調(diào)和。否則，我同意忠誠(chéng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不和、破壞甚至毀滅。

　　GRE Is loyalty always a positive force?

　　SAT Should people always be loyal?

　　各位同學(xué)，SAT和GRE的部分文章題目特別吻合。眾所周知，GRE的范文多展現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的critical thinking ability因此，為了增強(qiáng)SAT考生的分析問(wèn)題的能力，筆者對(duì)一些重點(diǎn)GRE范文進(jìn)行分析

　　Is loyalty all too often a destructive force, rather than a virtue, as the speaker contends? To answer this question it is crucial to draw a distinction between loyalty as an abstract concept and its application. Apart from its consequences, loyalty is clearly a virtue that all humans should strive to develop. Loyalty is part of a universal ethos that we commonly refer to as the golden rule: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. However, whether loyalty in its application amounts to virtue depends on its extent and its object.

　　本段譯文：是否像題中人說(shuō)的那樣，通常情況下，忠誠(chéng)是破壞性的力量而非美德?要回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，我們需要區(qū)分忠誠(chéng)這個(gè)抽象概念與其具體應(yīng)用。撇開忠誠(chéng)帶來(lái)的后果不談，顯然它本身是一種美德。所有人都應(yīng)該努力去做到忠誠(chéng)。忠誠(chéng)是社會(huì)意識(shí)的一部分。通常，我們說(shuō)忠誠(chéng)是金科玉律：己所不欲勿施于人。但是，在實(shí)際情況下，忠誠(chéng)是否能和美德劃等號(hào)還取決于人們多大程度上去保持忠誠(chéng)，以及對(duì)誰(shuí)忠誠(chéng)。

　　本段必背單詞：all too often常常;destructive破壞性的;virtue美德;crucial必要的;draw a distinction between A and B區(qū)分A和B;strive to努力;develop培養(yǎng);universal廣泛的;ethos社會(huì)思潮;refer to as稱為;golden rule重要原則;amount to意味著;object對(duì)象

　　First consider the ways in which loyalty, if exercised in proper measure and direction, can be a positive force. Relationships between spouses and other exclusive pairs require some degree of trust in order to endure; and loyalty is part-and-parcel of that trust. Similarly, employment relationships depend on some measure of mutual loyalty, without which job attrition would run so rampant that societys economic productivity would virtually come to a halt. And, without some mutual loyalty between a sovereign state and its citizenry there can be no security or safety from either revolt or invasion. The world would quickly devolve into anarchy or into a despotic state ordered by brute force.

　　本段譯文：首先我們要考慮忠誠(chéng)的方式。如果尺度和方向正確，那么忠誠(chéng)就是積極力量。配偶以及其他排外性關(guān)系需要一定程度的信任才能持久。忠誠(chéng)是信任的重要組成部分。同樣，雇傭關(guān)系也需要一定程度的相互忠誠(chéng)，否則會(huì)摩擦不斷，以至經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯。并且，如果主權(quán)國(guó)家和人民之間沒(méi)有相互忠誠(chéng)那么就會(huì)有叛亂或入侵。那時(shí)安定將不復(fù)存在。世界也會(huì)迅速淪為殘暴勢(shì)力下的無(wú)政府或?qū)Ｖ茽顟B(tài)。

　　本段必背單詞：exercise實(shí)行;proper measure合適的尺度;spouse配偶;exclusive排他的;part-and-parcel重要的組成部分;attrition摩擦;rampant蔓延的;come to a halt停步不前;sovereign有主權(quán)的;revolt反叛;invasion入侵;devolve衰落;anarchy無(wú)政府主義;despotic暴君的;brute殘暴的

　　On the other hand, misguided or overextended loyalty can amount to a divisive and even destructive force. In school, undue loyalty to popular social cliques often leads to insulting and abusive language or behavior toward students outside these cliques. Undue loyalty to a spouse or other partner can lead to acquiescence in abusive treatment by that partner and abuse of oneself by continuing to be loyal despite the abuse.

　　本段譯文：另一方面，錯(cuò)誤的或者過(guò)分的忠誠(chéng)是有破壞性的。在學(xué)校，對(duì)于學(xué)校小團(tuán)體的過(guò)分忠誠(chéng)會(huì)引起對(duì)于非此類圈子同學(xué)的侮辱和謾罵。對(duì)于配偶的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)則會(huì)使人在受虐待后仍保持沉默。繼續(xù)忠誠(chéng)只會(huì)讓自己受虐待。

　　本段必背單詞：misguided錯(cuò)誤的;overextended過(guò)分的;divisive造成不和的;undue過(guò)度飛;clique小團(tuán)體;insulting侮辱的;acquiescence默許;despite盡管

　　Misguided loyalty can also occur between people and their institutions. Undue loyalty to college alma maters often leads to job discrimination---for example, when a job candidate with the same alma mater as that of the person making the hiring decision is chosen over a more qualified candidate from a different school. Loyalty to ones employer can also become a destructive force, if it leads to deceptive business practices and disregard for regulations designed to protect public health and safety. By way of undue loyalty to their employers, employees sometimes harm themselves as well. Specifically, many employees fail to advance their own careers by moving on to another place of work, or type of work altogether, because of a misplaced sense of loyalty to one company. Finally, and perhaps foremost in terms of destructive potential, is misguided loyalty to ones country or political leaders. History shows all too well that fine line between patriotism and irrational jingoism can lead to such atrocities as persecution, genocide, and war.

　　本段譯文：錯(cuò)誤的忠誠(chéng)也表現(xiàn)在人與機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)系上。對(duì)母校的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致工作歧視---比如，一位能力沒(méi)有別人強(qiáng)的求職者被錄用，而原因就是因?yàn)樗兔嬖嚬賮?lái)自同一大學(xué)。如果對(duì)雇主的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)使人做出欺詐性的商業(yè)行為或者忽視保護(hù)公共安全和健康的規(guī)則，那么這種忠誠(chéng)也可能是極具破壞性的。對(duì)雇主的過(guò)度忠誠(chéng)也會(huì)傷害雇員自己。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，很多雇員不會(huì)換工作來(lái)推進(jìn)自己的職業(yè)生涯就是因?yàn)閷?duì)某個(gè)公司過(guò)于忠誠(chéng)。最后，也可能是最具有破壞性的是對(duì)國(guó)家或政治領(lǐng)袖的忠誠(chéng)。歷史上太多事例表明愛國(guó)主義與侵略主義之間如果分不清楚，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致諸如迫害，種族滅絕和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這類暴行。

　　本段必背單詞：institution機(jī)構(gòu);alma maters母校;candidate求職者;qualified合格的;deceptive business practice欺詐性的商業(yè)行為;regulation：規(guī)則;all too well：太;fine line細(xì)微差別

　　Patriotism愛國(guó)主義;jingoism軍國(guó)主義;atrocity暴行;persecution迫害;genocide種族滅絕

　　To sum up, without loyalty there can be no basis for trust between two people, or between people and their institutions. A world devoid of loyalty would be a paranoid, if not anarchical, one. Nevertheless, loyalty must be tempered by other virtues, such as fairness, tolerance, and respect for other people and for oneself. Otherwise, I agree that it can serve to divide, damage, and even destroy.

　　本段譯文：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有忠誠(chéng)就沒(méi)有人與人之間，人與組織之間信任的基礎(chǔ)。一個(gè)沒(méi)有忠誠(chéng)的世界如果不是混亂的，那也是多疑的世界。然而正必須由公正、容忍以及對(duì)他人的尊重這樣的美德來(lái)調(diào)和。否則，我同意忠誠(chéng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不和、破壞甚至毀滅。