高中英語語法 動詞不定式
Grammar: 動詞不定式
Ⅰ. 不定式句法功能
1. 作主語：The cat said, To take roller coaster is terrible.
不定式短語作主語時，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。
The cat said, Its terrible to take roller coaster.
How long did it take you to take roller coaster?
How terrible it is to take roller coaster?
不定式作主語常見句型：
a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式
b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式
eg. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.
c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式
eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.
2. 作表語：當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。
eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.
注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動詞do時，to可以省略。
eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.
3.作賓語
The cat said Remember not to take it next time!.
a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等
2005年天津卷12題：I dont want _____ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長時，往往將不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后，而用先行代詞it作形式賓語，常用動詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。
The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.
b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動詞都是實(shí)義動詞do, does, did時，通常省略to。
Eg. We have no choice but to wait.
Cf. We can do nothing but wait.
4. 賓語補(bǔ)足語
在SVOC句型中，許多動詞都可以按不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
a) 通常作賓語補(bǔ)語的不定式要帶to，常用于以下動詞之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等
You should get them to help you.
但在謂語動詞believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be作賓補(bǔ)，不跟to do
eg. They believe him to be honest.
b) 以下兩類動詞后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時不能帶to
①一些表示致使意義的動詞，如：let, have, make等
②一些表示感覺的動詞，如：hear, feel, see, watch, notice等
Dont let the children trouble you.
I heard someone open the door.
但當(dāng)這兩類動詞為被動態(tài)時，不定式就成了主補(bǔ)。作主補(bǔ)的不定式必須加上to
His father made him go to bed early.
He was made to go to bed early by his father.
5. 作定語
不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語，修飾名詞。
以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語：
①能帶不定式作賓語的動詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等
eg. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等
eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.
③序數(shù)詞形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語：
She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.
Tips: 不定式在作定語時，有時與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式是不及物動詞，它后面需要加上適當(dāng)介詞。
Eg. Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主謂關(guān)系
Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位關(guān)系
She has a meeting to attend. (動賓關(guān)系=attend a meeting)
Theres nothing to worry about. (動賓關(guān)系=worry about nothing)
6. 作狀語
不定式可以作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。
①to, in order to , so as to (不能放在句首)作目的狀語
2005年遼寧卷22題：All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
②在soas to, such.as to, only to 結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語，其中only to用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。
He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.
③enough to, tooto結(jié)構(gòu)
eg. The boy isnt old enough to go to school.
= The boy is too young to go to school.
④形容詞(happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等)+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
eg. Im glad to meet you.
The question is different to answer.
He is hard to get along with.
7. 作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度、看法、對整個句子進(jìn)行解釋，如to be frank(坦白地說)，to be sure(確實(shí))等。
Eg. To tell you the truth, I hate you.
8. 作同位語
eg. The order to start the general attack soon came.
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，以it為形式主語或形式賓語引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，如果其前的形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)就用：for sb. to do sth.這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。
It is necessary for me to learn English well.
如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)，同時又指行為的人，則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。
eg. Its very kind of you to come to see me.
連接代(副)詞+不定式(包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why)，在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在諸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動詞后作賓、主語或表語。
Eg. No one can tell me where to find John.
When to the exam is still unknown.
The problem is how to get enough money.
不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動式
①不定式的進(jìn)行式由to be + V-ing構(gòu)成，用來表示謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進(jìn)行。
Eg. Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.
②不定式完成式由to have + V-ed構(gòu)成，用來表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。
Eg. 2005年江蘇卷No.25
--- Is Bob still performing?
--- Im afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left
答案是A
③不定式的被動式分為一般式被動to be V-ing和完成式被動to have been V-ed。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。
Eg. It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
2005年遼寧卷No.22
All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving Grammar: 動詞不定式
Ⅰ. 不定式句法功能
1. 作主語：The cat said, To take roller coaster is terrible.
不定式短語作主語時，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。
The cat said, Its terrible to take roller coaster.
How long did it take you to take roller coaster?
How terrible it is to take roller coaster?
不定式作主語常見句型：
a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式
b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式
eg. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.
c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式
eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.
2. 作表語：當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。
eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.
注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動詞do時，to可以省略。
eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.
3.作賓語
The cat said Remember not to take it next time!.
a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等
2005年天津卷12題：I dont want _____ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長時，往往將不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后，而用先行代詞it作形式賓語，常用動詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。
The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.
b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動詞都是實(shí)義動詞do, does, did時，通常省略to。
Grammar: 動詞不定式
Ⅰ. 不定式句法功能
1. 作主語：The cat said, To take roller coaster is terrible.
不定式短語作主語時，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。
The cat said, Its terrible to take roller coaster.
How long did it take you to take roller coaster?
How terrible it is to take roller coaster?
不定式作主語常見句型：
a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式
b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式
eg. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.
c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式
eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.
2. 作表語：當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。
eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.
注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動詞do時，to可以省略。
eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.
3.作賓語
The cat said Remember not to take it next time!.
a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等
2005年天津卷12題：I dont want _____ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長時，往往將不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后，而用先行代詞it作形式賓語，常用動詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。
The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.
b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動詞都是實(shí)義動詞do, does, did時，通常省略to。
Eg. We have no choice but to wait.
Cf. We can do nothing but wait.
4. 賓語補(bǔ)足語
在SVOC句型中，許多動詞都可以按不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
a) 通常作賓語補(bǔ)語的不定式要帶to，常用于以下動詞之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等
You should get them to help you.
但在謂語動詞believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be作賓補(bǔ)，不跟to do
eg. They believe him to be honest.
b) 以下兩類動詞后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時不能帶to
①一些表示致使意義的動詞，如：let, have, make等
②一些表示感覺的動詞，如：hear, feel, see, watch, notice等
Dont let the children trouble you.
I heard someone open the door.
但當(dāng)這兩類動詞為被動態(tài)時，不定式就成了主補(bǔ)。作主補(bǔ)的不定式必須加上to
His father made him go to bed early.
He was made to go to bed early by his father.
5. 作定語
不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語，修飾名詞。
以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語：
①能帶不定式作賓語的動詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等
eg. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等
eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.
③序數(shù)詞形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語：
She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.
Tips: 不定式在作定語時，有時與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式是不及物動詞，它后面需要加上適當(dāng)介詞。
Eg. Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主謂關(guān)系
Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位關(guān)系
She has a meeting to attend. (動賓關(guān)系=attend a meeting)
Theres nothing to worry about. (動賓關(guān)系=worry about nothing)
6. 作狀語
不定式可以作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。
①to, in order to , so as to (不能放在句首)作目的狀語
2005年遼寧卷22題：All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
②在soas to, such.as to, only to 結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語，其中only to用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。
He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.
③enough to, tooto結(jié)構(gòu)
eg. The boy isnt old enough to go to school.
= The boy is too young to go to school.
④形容詞(happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等)+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
eg. Im glad to meet you.
The question is different to answer.
He is hard to get along with.
7. 作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度、看法、對整個句子進(jìn)行解釋，如to be frank(坦白地說)，to be sure(確實(shí))等。
Eg. To tell you the truth, I hate you.
8. 作同位語
eg. The order to start the general attack soon came.
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，以it為形式主語或形式賓語引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，如果其前的形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)就用：for sb. to do sth.這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。
It is necessary for me to learn English well.
如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)，同時又指行為的人，則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。
eg. Its very kind of you to come to see me.
連接代(副)詞+不定式(包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why)，在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在諸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動詞后作賓、主語或表語。
Eg. No one can tell me where to find John.
When to the exam is still unknown.
The problem is how to get enough money.
不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動式
①不定式的進(jìn)行式由to be + V-ing構(gòu)成，用來表示謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進(jìn)行。
Eg. Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.
②不定式完成式由to have + V-ed構(gòu)成，用來表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。
Eg. 2005年江蘇卷No.25
--- Is Bob still performing?
--- Im afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left
答案是A
③不定式的被動式分為一般式被動to be V-ing和完成式被動to have been V-ed。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。
Eg. It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
2005年遼寧卷No.22
All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving Grammar: 動詞不定式
Ⅰ. 不定式句法功能
1. 作主語：The cat said, To take roller coaster is terrible.
不定式短語作主語時，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。
The cat said, Its terrible to take roller coaster.
How long did it take you to take roller coaster?
How terrible it is to take roller coaster?
不定式作主語常見句型：
a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式
b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式
eg. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.
c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式
eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.
2. 作表語：當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。
eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.
注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動詞do時，to可以省略。
eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.
3.作賓語
The cat said Remember not to take it next time!.
a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等
2005年天津卷12題：I dont want _____ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長時，往往將不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后，而用先行代詞it作形式賓語，常用動詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。
The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.
b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動詞都是實(shí)義動詞do, does, did時，通常省略to。
