2024屆廣東省廣州市天河中學(xué)高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一輪復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:省略句01(含答案)
省略句
莎士比亞曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):Brevity is the soul of wit. (言以簡(jiǎn)為貴)。為了使話說(shuō)得簡(jiǎn)明扼要,英語(yǔ)句子中某個(gè)單詞、短語(yǔ)甚至從句或主句都可以省去。這種省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不變的現(xiàn)象,稱為省略(ellipsis)。一、?省略的目的
省略多見(jiàn)于非正式的文體,尤其在對(duì)話中,省略是一種十分普遍的現(xiàn)象。英語(yǔ)中的省略一般說(shuō)來(lái)有三個(gè)目的:
A.?避免重復(fù),減少累贅。
省略的主要目的是避免重復(fù),去掉不必要的累贅和繁瑣。 ? Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day. 邁克說(shuō)他第二 天要來(lái)學(xué)校看我,但是第二天他并沒(méi)有來(lái)學(xué)校看我。 ? -- Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 邁克說(shuō)他第二天要來(lái)學(xué)校看我,但是他并沒(méi)有來(lái)。(省掉最后九個(gè)詞,句子簡(jiǎn)潔多了) ? — What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么? —?An apple. 一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。(如果回答時(shí)說(shuō)出全文“He wanted an apple yesterday”,便顯得別扭,不自然)B.?連接緊密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。
省略也是使上下文緊密連接的一種修辭手段。 ? John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998. 約翰是1994年的獲勝者,鮑勃是1998年的獲勝者。(Bob后省略了was the winner,句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較緊湊) ? In some places we stopped in tents for the night, in other places in caves. 我們?cè)谟行┑胤阶≡趲づ窭镞^(guò)夜,在有些地方住在山洞里。(in other places 后省略了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)we stopped for the night,上下文連接更加緊密) ? 省略: ? 回答問(wèn)題要簡(jiǎn)潔,并列重復(fù)需省略。祈使主語(yǔ)常省略,比較than后需省略。賓從表從that勿省略。前后出現(xiàn)同一詞,習(xí)慣表達(dá)需省略。C.強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn),突出信息。 ? 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息。 ? Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理講話聲太低,虛偽講話聲太高。(后一分句省略謂語(yǔ)speaks,突出了too loud) ? — Have you told him that 你把那告訴他了嗎? ? — Not yet. 還沒(méi)有呢。(= I have not told him that yet. 強(qiáng)調(diào)not yet ) ? 二、?可省略的成分
省略大致可歸納為功能詞的省略和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上的省略兩種。在很多情況下,這兩種省略存在著交叉的關(guān)系,即有時(shí)既是功能詞的省略,同時(shí)又是語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上的省略。
A.?功能詞的省略
功能詞指的是沒(méi)有完整意義,但有語(yǔ)法意義的詞,如冠詞、介詞、助動(dòng)詞等。英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)潔,首先表現(xiàn)在功能詞的省略上。
1.冠詞的省略 ? They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他們選約翰當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。 ? A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 辦公室一男一女正在談話。 ? He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白為什么從屋子里一點(diǎn)響聲也沒(méi)傳出來(lái),甚至連收音機(jī)和電視機(jī)的聲音也沒(méi)有。 ? 提示: ? 在英語(yǔ)資訊標(biāo)題、告示中,經(jīng)常省略冠詞。 ? Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中國(guó)國(guó)家主席強(qiáng)調(diào)工人階級(jí)作用 (資訊標(biāo)題 = The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class) ? People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家園(資訊標(biāo)題 = The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood) ? DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽車在行駛時(shí)請(qǐng)勿和司機(jī)講話。(告示 = Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion)
2.代詞的省略 ? I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市場(chǎng),買(mǎi)了點(diǎn)有用的東西,一小時(shí)之內(nèi)就回來(lái)了。 ? They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他們并不喜歡它,可是什么話也沒(méi)說(shuō)。 ? (It) Doesn't matter. 這不礙事。 ? (You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得開(kāi)心,是吧? ? I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜歡你的兩只小瓶子,但我不喜歡最小的那一只。3.連詞的省略 ? We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能來(lái),我們很高興。 ? I believe (that) you will succeed.我相信你們會(huì)成功的。 ? It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走,真遺憾。
4.關(guān)系詞的省略 ? I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都給你。 ? He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看過(guò)我昨天買(mǎi)的書(shū)了。 ? It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他進(jìn)來(lái)的。 ? It happened on the day (when) we first met. 這發(fā)生在我們初次見(jiàn)面的那一天。 ? There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有個(gè)人想要見(jiàn)你。5.助動(dòng)詞的省略 ? (Does) Anyone want a drink 有誰(shuí)要喝一杯嗎? ? Who (do) you think you are 你以為你是誰(shuí)?(在特殊疑問(wèn)句中,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第二人稱時(shí),助動(dòng)詞do可省略) ? I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。6.不定式符號(hào)的省略 ? I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。(當(dāng)幾個(gè)不定式并列時(shí),一般只需在第一個(gè)不定式前用to) ? What we could do was (to) get away. (主語(yǔ)從句中含有do,那么作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式往往省略to) ? We did not dare (to) speak. 我們不敢說(shuō)話。(dare作行為動(dòng)詞用時(shí),否定式可省略to) ? There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服從命令之外,我們別無(wú)他法。(介詞but前如有do,but后可省略to)
注意: ? 當(dāng)兩個(gè)并列的不定式在意義上表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí),后面的不定式一般不省略to。 ? To be or not to be, that is the question. 活著還是死亡,這就是問(wèn)題所在。(莎士比亞) ? It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。7.介詞的省略 ?? He went (in) that way. 他往那邊去了。 ? The two boys are (of) the same age. 這兩個(gè)男孩年齡一樣大。 ? I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意這對(duì)不對(duì)。 ? You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn)之間隨時(shí)都可以來(lái)見(jiàn)我。 ? She must have stayed here (for) a long time. 她在這里一定呆了很久了。 ? 必背: ? 在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞in常常省略。 ? be busy (in) doing sth.? 忙于做某事 ? spend time (in) doing sth.? 花時(shí)間做某事 ? waste energy (in) doing sth.? 浪費(fèi)精力做某事 ? have difficulty (in) doing sth.? 做某事有困難 ? have a good time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得非常愉快 ? have a hard time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得很艱難 ? take turns (in) doing sth.? 輪流做某事 ? It is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒(méi)有用 ? It is no good (in) doing sth.? 做某事無(wú)益 ? There is no hurry (in) doing sth.? 不必著急做某事 ? There is no point (in) doing sth.? 做某事無(wú)意義 ? There is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒(méi)有用8.引導(dǎo)詞there的省略 ? (There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壺里應(yīng)該有些咖啡的。 ? (There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。B.?句子成分的省略
為了避免重復(fù),或者為了使某一內(nèi)容顯要注目,可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變。
1.省略主語(yǔ) ? Hope so. 希望如此。(= I hope so.) ? Beg your pardon. 請(qǐng)你原諒。(= I beg your pardon.) ? Take care! 當(dāng)心!(= You take care.) ? Looks as if it will rain. 看起來(lái)像要下雨。(= It looks as if it will rain.) ? Serves you right. 你活該!(= It serves you right.) ? 注意: ? 祈使句主語(yǔ)通常省略(如Take care! 當(dāng)心!)。但有時(shí)為了明確對(duì)方,可加上主語(yǔ)。 ? You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鳥(niǎo),好嗎? ? Somebody answer the phone, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)個(gè)人接一下電話。2.省略謂語(yǔ) ? Anything the matter?要緊嗎?(= Is anything the matter) ? Who next 該誰(shuí)了?(= Who comes next) ? Just a moment, please. 請(qǐng)等一會(huì)兒。(= Just wait a moment, please.) ? The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深,冰很薄。(= The river was deep and the ice was thin.) ? We'll do the best we can. 我們將盡力而為。(= We'll do the best we can do.) ? What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我們得不到的似乎要比我們已經(jīng)得到的要好。(= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.)3.省略表語(yǔ) ? Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎? 我準(zhǔn)備好了。(am后面省略了表語(yǔ)ready) ? He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他還是像年輕時(shí)那樣,是一位運(yùn)動(dòng)愛(ài)好者。(was后面省略了表語(yǔ)a lover of sports) ? China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中國(guó)過(guò)去是,而且現(xiàn)在還是世界上人口最多的國(guó)家。 (= China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.)4.省略賓語(yǔ) ? We have to analyze and solve problems. 我們必須分析問(wèn)題解決問(wèn)題。(analyze后省略了賓語(yǔ)problems) ? I struck match after match, but could not light. 我劃了一根又一根火柴,但一根也沒(méi)劃著。(light后省略了賓語(yǔ)a match) ? Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 讓我們洗碗吧,我來(lái)洗,你來(lái)揩干。(wash和dry后面省略了賓語(yǔ)dishes)5.省略定語(yǔ) ? He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分錢(qián),其余的他都存了起來(lái)。(the rest后面省略了定語(yǔ)of the money)6.省略狀語(yǔ) ? (Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聰明的人也不能無(wú)所不知。 ? Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 瑪麗說(shuō)得粗魯,約翰答得也粗魯。 ? He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他沒(méi)有受傷,真奇怪!
省略句
莎士比亞曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):Brevity is the soul of wit. (言以簡(jiǎn)為貴)。為了使話說(shuō)得簡(jiǎn)明扼要,英語(yǔ)句子中某個(gè)單詞、短語(yǔ)甚至從句或主句都可以省去。這種省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不變的現(xiàn)象,稱為省略(ellipsis)。一、?省略的目的
省略多見(jiàn)于非正式的文體,尤其在對(duì)話中,省略是一種十分普遍的現(xiàn)象。英語(yǔ)中的省略一般說(shuō)來(lái)有三個(gè)目的:
A.?避免重復(fù),減少累贅。
省略的主要目的是避免重復(fù),去掉不必要的累贅和繁瑣。 ? Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day. 邁克說(shuō)他第二 天要來(lái)學(xué)校看我,但是第二天他并沒(méi)有來(lái)學(xué)校看我。 ? -- Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 邁克說(shuō)他第二天要來(lái)學(xué)校看我,但是他并沒(méi)有來(lái)。(省掉最后九個(gè)詞,句子簡(jiǎn)潔多了) ? — What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么? —?An apple. 一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。(如果回答時(shí)說(shuō)出全文“He wanted an apple yesterday”,便顯得別扭,不自然)B.?連接緊密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。
省略也是使上下文緊密連接的一種修辭手段。 ? John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998. 約翰是1994年的獲勝者,鮑勃是1998年的獲勝者。(Bob后省略了was the winner,句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較緊湊) ? In some places we stopped in tents for the night, in other places in caves. 我們?cè)谟行┑胤阶≡趲づ窭镞^(guò)夜,在有些地方住在山洞里。(in other places 后省略了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)we stopped for the night,上下文連接更加緊密) ? 省略: ? 回答問(wèn)題要簡(jiǎn)潔,并列重復(fù)需省略。祈使主語(yǔ)常省略,比較than后需省略。賓從表從that勿省略。前后出現(xiàn)同一詞,習(xí)慣表達(dá)需省略。C.強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn),突出信息。 ? 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息。 ? Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理講話聲太低,虛偽講話聲太高。(后一分句省略謂語(yǔ)speaks,突出了too loud) ? — Have you told him that 你把那告訴他了嗎? ? — Not yet. 還沒(méi)有呢。(= I have not told him that yet. 強(qiáng)調(diào)not yet ) ? 二、?可省略的成分
省略大致可歸納為功能詞的省略和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上的省略兩種。在很多情況下,這兩種省略存在著交叉的關(guān)系,即有時(shí)既是功能詞的省略,同時(shí)又是語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上的省略。
A.?功能詞的省略
功能詞指的是沒(méi)有完整意義,但有語(yǔ)法意義的詞,如冠詞、介詞、助動(dòng)詞等。英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)潔,首先表現(xiàn)在功能詞的省略上。
1.冠詞的省略 ? They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他們選約翰當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。 ? A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 辦公室一男一女正在談話。 ? He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白為什么從屋子里一點(diǎn)響聲也沒(méi)傳出來(lái),甚至連收音機(jī)和電視機(jī)的聲音也沒(méi)有。 ? 提示: ? 在英語(yǔ)資訊標(biāo)題、告示中,經(jīng)常省略冠詞。 ? Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中國(guó)國(guó)家主席強(qiáng)調(diào)工人階級(jí)作用 (資訊標(biāo)題 = The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class) ? People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家園(資訊標(biāo)題 = The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood) ? DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽車在行駛時(shí)請(qǐng)勿和司機(jī)講話。(告示 = Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion)
2.代詞的省略 ? I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市場(chǎng),買(mǎi)了點(diǎn)有用的東西,一小時(shí)之內(nèi)就回來(lái)了。 ? They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他們并不喜歡它,可是什么話也沒(méi)說(shuō)。 ? (It) Doesn't matter. 這不礙事。 ? (You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得開(kāi)心,是吧? ? I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜歡你的兩只小瓶子,但我不喜歡最小的那一只。3.連詞的省略 ? We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能來(lái),我們很高興。 ? I believe (that) you will succeed.我相信你們會(huì)成功的。 ? It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走,真遺憾。
4.關(guān)系詞的省略 ? I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都給你。 ? He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看過(guò)我昨天買(mǎi)的書(shū)了。 ? It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他進(jìn)來(lái)的。 ? It happened on the day (when) we first met. 這發(fā)生在我們初次見(jiàn)面的那一天。 ? There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有個(gè)人想要見(jiàn)你。5.助動(dòng)詞的省略 ? (Does) Anyone want a drink 有誰(shuí)要喝一杯嗎? ? Who (do) you think you are 你以為你是誰(shuí)?(在特殊疑問(wèn)句中,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第二人稱時(shí),助動(dòng)詞do可省略) ? I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。6.不定式符號(hào)的省略 ? I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。(當(dāng)幾個(gè)不定式并列時(shí),一般只需在第一個(gè)不定式前用to) ? What we could do was (to) get away. (主語(yǔ)從句中含有do,那么作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式往往省略to) ? We did not dare (to) speak. 我們不敢說(shuō)話。(dare作行為動(dòng)詞用時(shí),否定式可省略to) ? There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服從命令之外,我們別無(wú)他法。(介詞but前如有do,but后可省略to)
注意: ? 當(dāng)兩個(gè)并列的不定式在意義上表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí),后面的不定式一般不省略to。 ? To be or not to be, that is the question. 活著還是死亡,這就是問(wèn)題所在。(莎士比亞) ? It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。7.介詞的省略 ?? He went (in) that way. 他往那邊去了。 ? The two boys are (of) the same age. 這兩個(gè)男孩年齡一樣大。 ? I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意這對(duì)不對(duì)。 ? You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn)之間隨時(shí)都可以來(lái)見(jiàn)我。 ? She must have stayed here (for) a long time. 她在這里一定呆了很久了。 ? 必背: ? 在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞in常常省略。 ? be busy (in) doing sth.? 忙于做某事 ? spend time (in) doing sth.? 花時(shí)間做某事 ? waste energy (in) doing sth.? 浪費(fèi)精力做某事 ? have difficulty (in) doing sth.? 做某事有困難 ? have a good time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得非常愉快 ? have a hard time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得很艱難 ? take turns (in) doing sth.? 輪流做某事 ? It is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒(méi)有用 ? It is no good (in) doing sth.? 做某事無(wú)益 ? There is no hurry (in) doing sth.? 不必著急做某事 ? There is no point (in) doing sth.? 做某事無(wú)意義 ? There is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒(méi)有用8.引導(dǎo)詞there的省略 ? (There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壺里應(yīng)該有些咖啡的。 ? (There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。B.?句子成分的省略
為了避免重復(fù),或者為了使某一內(nèi)容顯要注目,可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變。
1.省略主語(yǔ) ? Hope so. 希望如此。(= I hope so.) ? Beg your pardon. 請(qǐng)你原諒。(= I beg your pardon.) ? Take care! 當(dāng)心!(= You take care.) ? Looks as if it will rain. 看起來(lái)像要下雨。(= It looks as if it will rain.) ? Serves you right. 你活該!(= It serves you right.) ? 注意: ? 祈使句主語(yǔ)通常省略(如Take care! 當(dāng)心!)。但有時(shí)為了明確對(duì)方,可加上主語(yǔ)。 ? You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鳥(niǎo),好嗎? ? Somebody answer the phone, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)個(gè)人接一下電話。2.省略謂語(yǔ) ? Anything the matter?要緊嗎?(= Is anything the matter) ? Who next 該誰(shuí)了?(= Who comes next) ? Just a moment, please. 請(qǐng)等一會(huì)兒。(= Just wait a moment, please.) ? The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深,冰很薄。(= The river was deep and the ice was thin.) ? We'll do the best we can. 我們將盡力而為。(= We'll do the best we can do.) ? What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我們得不到的似乎要比我們已經(jīng)得到的要好。(= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.)3.省略表語(yǔ) ? Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎? 我準(zhǔn)備好了。(am后面省略了表語(yǔ)ready) ? He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他還是像年輕時(shí)那樣,是一位運(yùn)動(dòng)愛(ài)好者。(was后面省略了表語(yǔ)a lover of sports) ? China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中國(guó)過(guò)去是,而且現(xiàn)在還是世界上人口最多的國(guó)家。 (= China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.)4.省略賓語(yǔ) ? We have to analyze and solve problems. 我們必須分析問(wèn)題解決問(wèn)題。(analyze后省略了賓語(yǔ)problems) ? I struck match after match, but could not light. 我劃了一根又一根火柴,但一根也沒(méi)劃著。(light后省略了賓語(yǔ)a match) ? Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 讓我們洗碗吧,我來(lái)洗,你來(lái)揩干。(wash和dry后面省略了賓語(yǔ)dishes)5.省略定語(yǔ) ? He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分錢(qián),其余的他都存了起來(lái)。(the rest后面省略了定語(yǔ)of the money)6.省略狀語(yǔ) ? (Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聰明的人也不能無(wú)所不知。 ? Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 瑪麗說(shuō)得粗魯,約翰答得也粗魯。 ? He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他沒(méi)有受傷,真奇怪!