2023考研英語閱讀潛意識
The unconscious mind
潛意識
Hidden depths
藏匿在深處
Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules YourBehaviour. By Leonard Mlodinow.
《潛意識：你的潛意識如何支配你的行為》;倫納德 蒙洛迪諾著;
ASK someone to name a famous psychologist,and chances are they will pick Sigmund Freud, the bearded Austrian academic who came up with the idea of psychoanalysis.
說起著名的心理學家，人們可能會想到西格蒙德 弗洛伊德，這位滿臉大胡子的奧地利學者提出了精神分析的概念。
His ideas about the unconsciousa sort of shadowy basement of the mind that isinaccessible to rational thought, but which nevertheless influences people s behaviourarepart of popular folklore.
他關于潛意識的概念成了眾相傳說的一部分，頗受歡迎。他認為潛意識隱藏在意識底部，難以達到理性思維，雖則如此，但它卻影響著人們的行為。
Although it remained popular at dinner parties, the idea of the unconscious fell out offavour among 20th-century psychologists, thanks to the rise of more scientific approaches topsychology.
盡管人們在晚宴上依然拿潛意識的概念來消遣，但由于更加科學的心理學方法的興起，二十世紀的心理學家已不再青睞它。
These focused purely on studying behaviour and refrained from theorising about the innerworkings of the mind.
這些方法純粹集中研究人們的行為，避免了將思維的內部運作理論化。
In his latest book, Subliminal, Leonard Mlodinow, a theoretical physicist who has beendeveloping a nice sideline in popular science writing,
理論物理學家倫納德?蒙洛迪諾兼職科普寫作，一直寫得很好。
shows how the idea of the unconscious has become respectable again over the past coupleof decades.
在自己的最新著作《潛意識》一書中，他論證了過去幾十年來潛意識的概念如何再度受到人們的尊敬。
This development has been helped by rigorous experimental evidence of the effects of thesubconscious and, especially, by real-time brain-scanning technology that allows researchersto examine what is going on in their subjects heads.
這種發展得益于對潛意識效應的嚴格實驗證據，特別是得益于實時大腦掃描技術，該技術讓研究人員能夠仔細觀察研究對象的頭部究竟怎么了。
That experimental evidence suggests that, as Freud suspected, conscious reasoningmakes up a comparatively small part of the activity in our brains, with most of the worktaking place where we can t tap into it.
該實驗證據表明，正如弗洛伊德所懷疑的，相對說來有意識的推理只占據了我們大腦活動的一小部分，而大部分的思維活動發生在我們無法深入了解的區域。
However, unlike Freud s unconscious the modernunconscious is a place of super-fast data processing,
然而，弗洛伊德的潛意識指活動強烈的幽閉區域，充滿了壓抑的記憶和對自己父母不適當的性幻想，不同于這點的是，現代潛意識指一種能進行超快速的數據處理、
useful survival mechanisms and rules of thumb about the world that have been honed bymillions of years of evolution.
有著實用的生存機制以及對世界的經驗法則的區域，它們都經歷了數百萬年進化的磨礪。
It is the unconscious, for instance, that stitches together data on colour, shape, movementand perspective to create the sight enjoyed by the conscious part of the mind.
例如，把顏色、形狀、運動狀態以及遠景等數據組合在一起產生視覺，讓思維有意識的部分來享受，這種行為是下意識的。
Experiments on people with certain specific forms of brain damage, which remove theability to perform some of these tasks, can reveal something about what is going onunderneath.
患有某些特定形式腦損傷的人失去了執行這些任務的能力，對他們所進行的實驗可以揭示骨子里是怎么回事。
People with blindsight can respond to some visual stimuli even when they are notconscious of being able to see. Asked to walk down an obstacle-strewn corridor,
即使患有盲視的人看不懂，但他們也可以對某些視覺刺激產生回應。當被要求走過布滿障礙的走廊時，
they will dodge and weave and arrive at their destination unharmed because someresidual data is still making its way into their brainsalthough at a level that is beneath thenotice of their conscious minds.
他們會迂回地躲開障礙，安然無恙地抵達目的地，因為一些殘余的數據仍然有自己的途徑進入他們的大腦，不過進入的程度無法引起他們思維有意識部分的注意。
The modern view of the unconscious mind may be more benign than Freud s, but it canstill generate unwelcome impulses.
潛意識的現代觀點可能比弗洛伊德的觀點更良性，但潛意識仍然可以產生不受歡迎的沖動。
Psychologists theorise that the well-documented tendency of humans to categorise almostevery piece of information they come across is a survival mechanism that evolved to aidquick decision making.
心理學家推論，人類把遇到的幾乎每條信息都進行分類并存檔完好，這種傾向是一種生存機制，它的進化有助于快速作出決策。
Yet it may also lie behind the tendency for human beings to group people into races,genders, creeds and the like, and then to apply certain characteristicsunjustifiablytoevery member of that group.
然而，它也可能是人類把人按種族、性別、信仰等分群的原因，接著再據此按某些特征對該群的每個成員進行不理性地歸類。
The insights offered by modern science into the workings of the human mind are fascinatingin their own right.
現代科學為人類思維運作提供的見解引人入勝，憑的是這些見解自身的力量。
But they also suggest that plenty of conventional wisdom about how humans behave mayneed rethinking. Mr Mlodinow notes that economic models, for instance,
但同時它們也表明，大量有關人類行為的傳統智慧可能需要反思。例如，蒙洛迪諾指出，
are built on the assumption that people make decisionsby consciously weighing therelevant factors, whereas the psychological research suggests that, most of the time,they do no such thing.
經濟合算的模式建立在人們自覺地衡量相關因素再決定......這一假設之上，而心理學研究表明，大多時侯他們不做這樣的事。
Instead, they act on the basis of simple, unconscious rules that can sometimes producecompletely irrational results.
相反，他們的行為簡單地受潛意識所支配，有時這些支配可以產生完全不理性的結果。
Mr Mlodinow s chapters on courts and the law are disturbing, in particular on howunreliable eyewitness evidence can be.
蒙洛迪諾關于法庭和法律的章節令人不安，特別是關于目擊者的證據有多么不可靠的章節更是如此。這點在別的書中也被廣泛地引證過。
This has been widely documented elsewhere. But there is good news in the book, as well:people informed of the biases and pitfalls of their unconscious brains are better at usingtheir conscious minds to overrule them.
但書中也有好消息，了解大腦潛意識存在偏見和誤區的人更擅長利用他們的自覺意識來對潛意識施加影響。
The unconscious mind
潛意識
Hidden depths
藏匿在深處
Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules YourBehaviour. By Leonard Mlodinow.
《潛意識：你的潛意識如何支配你的行為》;倫納德 蒙洛迪諾著;
ASK someone to name a famous psychologist,and chances are they will pick Sigmund Freud, the bearded Austrian academic who came up with the idea of psychoanalysis.
說起著名的心理學家，人們可能會想到西格蒙德 弗洛伊德，這位滿臉大胡子的奧地利學者提出了精神分析的概念。
His ideas about the unconsciousa sort of shadowy basement of the mind that isinaccessible to rational thought, but which nevertheless influences people s behaviourarepart of popular folklore.
他關于潛意識的概念成了眾相傳說的一部分，頗受歡迎。他認為潛意識隱藏在意識底部，難以達到理性思維，雖則如此，但它卻影響著人們的行為。
Although it remained popular at dinner parties, the idea of the unconscious fell out offavour among 20th-century psychologists, thanks to the rise of more scientific approaches topsychology.
盡管人們在晚宴上依然拿潛意識的概念來消遣，但由于更加科學的心理學方法的興起，二十世紀的心理學家已不再青睞它。
These focused purely on studying behaviour and refrained from theorising about the innerworkings of the mind.
這些方法純粹集中研究人們的行為，避免了將思維的內部運作理論化。
In his latest book, Subliminal, Leonard Mlodinow, a theoretical physicist who has beendeveloping a nice sideline in popular science writing,
理論物理學家倫納德?蒙洛迪諾兼職科普寫作，一直寫得很好。
shows how the idea of the unconscious has become respectable again over the past coupleof decades.
在自己的最新著作《潛意識》一書中，他論證了過去幾十年來潛意識的概念如何再度受到人們的尊敬。
This development has been helped by rigorous experimental evidence of the effects of thesubconscious and, especially, by real-time brain-scanning technology that allows researchersto examine what is going on in their subjects heads.
這種發展得益于對潛意識效應的嚴格實驗證據，特別是得益于實時大腦掃描技術，該技術讓研究人員能夠仔細觀察研究對象的頭部究竟怎么了。
That experimental evidence suggests that, as Freud suspected, conscious reasoningmakes up a comparatively small part of the activity in our brains, with most of the worktaking place where we can t tap into it.
該實驗證據表明，正如弗洛伊德所懷疑的，相對說來有意識的推理只占據了我們大腦活動的一小部分，而大部分的思維活動發生在我們無法深入了解的區域。
However, unlike Freud s unconscious the modernunconscious is a place of super-fast data processing,
然而，弗洛伊德的潛意識指活動強烈的幽閉區域，充滿了壓抑的記憶和對自己父母不適當的性幻想，不同于這點的是，現代潛意識指一種能進行超快速的數據處理、
useful survival mechanisms and rules of thumb about the world that have been honed bymillions of years of evolution.
有著實用的生存機制以及對世界的經驗法則的區域，它們都經歷了數百萬年進化的磨礪。
It is the unconscious, for instance, that stitches together data on colour, shape, movementand perspective to create the sight enjoyed by the conscious part of the mind.
例如，把顏色、形狀、運動狀態以及遠景等數據組合在一起產生視覺，讓思維有意識的部分來享受，這種行為是下意識的。
Experiments on people with certain specific forms of brain damage, which remove theability to perform some of these tasks, can reveal something about what is going onunderneath.
患有某些特定形式腦損傷的人失去了執行這些任務的能力，對他們所進行的實驗可以揭示骨子里是怎么回事。
People with blindsight can respond to some visual stimuli even when they are notconscious of being able to see. Asked to walk down an obstacle-strewn corridor,
即使患有盲視的人看不懂，但他們也可以對某些視覺刺激產生回應。當被要求走過布滿障礙的走廊時，
they will dodge and weave and arrive at their destination unharmed because someresidual data is still making its way into their brainsalthough at a level that is beneath thenotice of their conscious minds.
他們會迂回地躲開障礙，安然無恙地抵達目的地，因為一些殘余的數據仍然有自己的途徑進入他們的大腦，不過進入的程度無法引起他們思維有意識部分的注意。
The modern view of the unconscious mind may be more benign than Freud s, but it canstill generate unwelcome impulses.
潛意識的現代觀點可能比弗洛伊德的觀點更良性，但潛意識仍然可以產生不受歡迎的沖動。
Psychologists theorise that the well-documented tendency of humans to categorise almostevery piece of information they come across is a survival mechanism that evolved to aidquick decision making.
心理學家推論，人類把遇到的幾乎每條信息都進行分類并存檔完好，這種傾向是一種生存機制，它的進化有助于快速作出決策。
Yet it may also lie behind the tendency for human beings to group people into races,genders, creeds and the like, and then to apply certain characteristicsunjustifiablytoevery member of that group.
然而，它也可能是人類把人按種族、性別、信仰等分群的原因，接著再據此按某些特征對該群的每個成員進行不理性地歸類。
The insights offered by modern science into the workings of the human mind are fascinatingin their own right.
現代科學為人類思維運作提供的見解引人入勝，憑的是這些見解自身的力量。
But they also suggest that plenty of conventional wisdom about how humans behave mayneed rethinking. Mr Mlodinow notes that economic models, for instance,
但同時它們也表明，大量有關人類行為的傳統智慧可能需要反思。例如，蒙洛迪諾指出，
are built on the assumption that people make decisionsby consciously weighing therelevant factors, whereas the psychological research suggests that, most of the time,they do no such thing.
經濟合算的模式建立在人們自覺地衡量相關因素再決定......這一假設之上，而心理學研究表明，大多時侯他們不做這樣的事。
Instead, they act on the basis of simple, unconscious rules that can sometimes producecompletely irrational results.
相反，他們的行為簡單地受潛意識所支配，有時這些支配可以產生完全不理性的結果。
Mr Mlodinow s chapters on courts and the law are disturbing, in particular on howunreliable eyewitness evidence can be.
蒙洛迪諾關于法庭和法律的章節令人不安，特別是關于目擊者的證據有多么不可靠的章節更是如此。這點在別的書中也被廣泛地引證過。
This has been widely documented elsewhere. But there is good news in the book, as well:people informed of the biases and pitfalls of their unconscious brains are better at usingtheir conscious minds to overrule them.
但書中也有好消息，了解大腦潛意識存在偏見和誤區的人更擅長利用他們的自覺意識來對潛意識施加影響。
