GRE寫作10大論證法
一、演繹推理論證法
將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結論。
論點：Demand for this product wii go up。
論據(jù)：The price of the product is sliding.
推理依據(jù)：Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
二、定義法
界定一個概念的關鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認定某個事物符合某個定義，從而得出結論。例如：
論點：Radical feminists are not good citizens.
論據(jù)：Radical feminists lack family values.
推理依據(jù)：Family values characterize the good citizes.
三、因果關系論證法
將一個判斷放入一個因果關系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結果。例如：
論點：The internet may be causing depression.
論據(jù)：When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.
推理依據(jù)：There are no other reasons for the groups depression.
四、歸納推理論證法
從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結論。如：
論點：Everyone likes the movie.
論據(jù)：I know three people who like the movie.
推理依據(jù)：Three eaxmples are enough.
五、列舉特征式論證法
指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如：
論點：The child has chickenpox.
論據(jù)：The child has red spots.
推理依據(jù)：These spots are signs of chickenpox.
六、類比論證法
用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種：縱向類比、橫向類比、比喻式類比。例如：
1.縱向類比
論點：Many people will die of SARS.
論據(jù)：Many people died of the Black Death.
推理依據(jù)：SARS and Black Death are similar.
2.橫向類比
論點：China should have its fighter carriers.
論據(jù)：A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
推理依據(jù)：The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
3.比喻式類比
論點：Reading a difficult book should take time.
論據(jù)：Digesting a large metal takes time.
推理依據(jù)：Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
七、引用權威論證法
引用公認的權威，或者論證自己就是權威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如：
論點：Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
論據(jù)：Professors and scientists say so.
推理依據(jù)：These experts are reliable.
八、訴諸嘗試法
利用人們的常識【包括：普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機、生活常識】進行論證。例如：
1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。
論點：The university curriculum should be multicultural.
論據(jù)：A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依據(jù)：You value equality and acceptance.
2.訴諸普遍動機
論點：You should support this candidate premier.
論據(jù)：The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
推理依據(jù)：You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.
3.訴諸生活常識
論點：She was very kind to me.
論據(jù)：She treated me with the best tea she had.
推理依據(jù)：A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
九、反證法
假設一個觀點是正確的，然后卻推導出荒謬的結論。例如：
論點：An industrious man must also be thrifty.
論據(jù)：With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.
推理依據(jù)：An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
十、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)論證法
提供數(shù)據(jù)，以資論證。例如：
論點：We should end the current poverty-relief program.
論據(jù)：It costs $45 million per year.
推理依據(jù)：This is too much;it proves we should end it.
只是一個詳細的結構上的分析說明，在具體運用時，我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起，但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造，也可以是大眾的例子，關鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧，可能我們只用到某種或某幾種，但我們必須得會至少一種。
一、演繹推理論證法
將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結論。
論點：Demand for this product wii go up。
論據(jù)：The price of the product is sliding.
推理依據(jù)：Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
二、定義法
界定一個概念的關鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認定某個事物符合某個定義，從而得出結論。例如：
論點：Radical feminists are not good citizens.
論據(jù)：Radical feminists lack family values.
推理依據(jù)：Family values characterize the good citizes.
三、因果關系論證法
將一個判斷放入一個因果關系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結果。例如：
論點：The internet may be causing depression.
論據(jù)：When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.
推理依據(jù)：There are no other reasons for the groups depression.
四、歸納推理論證法
從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結論。如：
論點：Everyone likes the movie.
論據(jù)：I know three people who like the movie.
推理依據(jù)：Three eaxmples are enough.
五、列舉特征式論證法
指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如：
論點：The child has chickenpox.
論據(jù)：The child has red spots.
推理依據(jù)：These spots are signs of chickenpox.
六、類比論證法
用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種：縱向類比、橫向類比、比喻式類比。例如：
1.縱向類比
論點：Many people will die of SARS.
論據(jù)：Many people died of the Black Death.
推理依據(jù)：SARS and Black Death are similar.
2.橫向類比
論點：China should have its fighter carriers.
論據(jù)：A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
推理依據(jù)：The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
3.比喻式類比
論點：Reading a difficult book should take time.
論據(jù)：Digesting a large metal takes time.
推理依據(jù)：Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
七、引用權威論證法
引用公認的權威，或者論證自己就是權威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如：
論點：Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
論據(jù)：Professors and scientists say so.
推理依據(jù)：These experts are reliable.
八、訴諸嘗試法
利用人們的常識【包括：普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機、生活常識】進行論證。例如：
1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。
論點：The university curriculum should be multicultural.
論據(jù)：A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依據(jù)：You value equality and acceptance.
2.訴諸普遍動機
論點：You should support this candidate premier.
論據(jù)：The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
推理依據(jù)：You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.
3.訴諸生活常識
論點：She was very kind to me.
論據(jù)：She treated me with the best tea she had.
推理依據(jù)：A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
九、反證法
假設一個觀點是正確的，然后卻推導出荒謬的結論。例如：
論點：An industrious man must also be thrifty.
論據(jù)：With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.
推理依據(jù)：An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
十、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)論證法
提供數(shù)據(jù)，以資論證。例如：
論點：We should end the current poverty-relief program.
論據(jù)：It costs $45 million per year.
推理依據(jù)：This is too much;it proves we should end it.
只是一個詳細的結構上的分析說明，在具體運用時，我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起，但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造，也可以是大眾的例子，關鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧，可能我們只用到某種或某幾種，但我們必須得會至少一種。
