新托福TPO 14綜合寫作詳細解析：回收性砍伐
閱讀材料：
Every year, forest fires and severe storms cause a great deal of damage to forests in the northwestern United States. One way of dealing with the aftermath of these disasters is called salvage logging, which is the practice of removing dead trees from affected areas and using the wood for lumber, plywood, and other wood products. There are several reasons why salvage logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economy.
每年，在美國西北部，森林火災和一些嚴重的暴風雨會給森林造成嚴重的損害。而處理這些災難造成的損害的方法之一被稱為回收性砍伐。回收性砍伐是指把受損地區(qū)的已經(jīng)死亡的樹木一走，用作制作木料、膠合板或者其他木材產(chǎn)品。有一些理由讓我們相信回收性砍伐無論對于受損的森林還是對于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展都是有好處的。
First, after a devastating fire, forests are choked with dead trees. If the trees are not removed, they will take years to decompose; in the meantime, no new trees can grow in the cramped spaces. Salvage logging, however, removes the remains of dead trees and makes room for fresh growth immediately, which is likely to help forest areas recover from the disaster.
首先，每次森林火災之后，森林都被死樹堵住了。如果不把這些樹移走，那么它們需要數(shù)年的時間才會腐化。在這個時間里，就不會有新的樹木能夠在這些狹窄的空間發(fā)芽生長了。然而，回收性砍伐則可以把這些死樹移走，迅速地位新生的樹木提供生長的空間。這樣做，有助于幫助森林從火災中恢復。
Also, dead trees do more than just take up space. Decaying wood is a highly suitable habitat for insects such as the spruce bark beetle, which in large numbers can damage live, healthy spruce trees. So， by removing totting wood, salvage logging helps minimize the dangers of insect infestation, thus contributing to the health of the forest.
同時，已死的樹對森林的損害不僅僅是占用空間。腐爛的木頭同時也是昆蟲很好的棲息地，比如杉皮甲蟲。大量的杉皮甲蟲會對健康生長的杉樹造成損害。所以，通過移走這些腐爛的木頭，回收性砍伐可以降低蟲害侵襲的危險，進而保護森林的健康。
Third and last, salvage logging has economic benefits. Many industries depend upon the forests for their production, and because of this a fire can have a very harmful effect on the economy. Often, however, the trees that have been damaged by natural disasters still can provide much wood that is usable by industries. Furthermore, salvage logging requires more workers than traditional logging operations do, and so it helps create additional jobs for local residents.
最后，回收性砍伐是有經(jīng)濟收益的。很多的產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)都依賴森林，因而森林大火對于經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展是非常有害的。但是，很多時候這些因為自然災害死亡的樹木還是可以能夠為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供很多木材的。而且，回收性砍伐比傳統(tǒng)的砍伐活動需要更多的人力，所以這可以為當?shù)鼐用裉峁└嗟木蜆I(yè)機會。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 回收性砍伐對于森林和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展都好處
- Sub point 1: 可以為新生樹木提供生長空間
- Sub point 2: 可以避免蟲害傷害森林
- Sub point 3: 有助于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展
聽力材料：
Salvage logging may appear to be an effective way of helping forests recover after a destructive fire or storm, but it can actually result in serious loner-term environmental damage. Its economic benefits are also questionable.
回收性砍伐看起來似乎是個幫助森林從破壞性大火或者暴風雨中的損害中恢復的有效方法，但是事實上卻會帶來長期的環(huán)境損失。而它的經(jīng)濟利益也是存疑的。
First, cleaning up a forest after a fire or storm does not necessarily create the right conditions for tree growth. In fact, the natural process of wood decomposition enriches the soil and makes it more suitable for future generations of tree. The rapid removal of dead trees can result in soil that lacks the nutrients necessary for growth.
首先，在大火或者暴風雨之后的清理并不一定會給樹的生長提供合適的生長環(huán)境。事實上，樹木腐爛的自然過程可以使土壤變得肥沃，更適合以后樹木的生長。迅速地移除死去的樹木可能會導致土壤確實樹木生長所必須的營養(yǎng)物質。
Second, its true that rotting wood can increase insect population, but is this really bad for the forest? In fact, spruce bark beetles have lived in Alaskan forest for nearly hundred years without causing major damage. And of course dead trees do not provide habitats only for harmful insects. They are also used by birds and other insects that are important contributors to the long-term health of forests. In the long run, therefore, salvage logging may end up doing more harm to forests than harmful insects do.
第二，的確那些腐爛的樹木會讓昆蟲的數(shù)量增加，但是這就一定對森林不好嗎？事實上，杉皮甲蟲已經(jīng)在阿拉斯加森林里生活了近百年，但是從來沒有造成嚴重的災害。而且，死樹不是僅僅為害蟲提供棲息地，鳥類和其他昆蟲也會居于與此，這些鳥類和昆蟲對于森林的長期健康是有利的。因而，從長遠看，回收性砍伐最終給森林帶來的危害要大于害蟲。
And third, the economic benefits of salvage logging are small and dont last very long. In severely damaged forests, much of the lumber can be recovered only by using helicopters and other vehicles that are expensive to use and maintain. Furthermore, jobs created by salvage logging are only temporary and are often filled by outsiders with more experience or training than local residents have.
第三，回收性砍伐的經(jīng)濟利益是很微小的而且不具有持久性。在嚴重受損的森林里，木材必須使用直升飛機或者其他交通工具才能回收，而這些的使用和保養(yǎng)費用都非常昂貴。而且，回收性砍伐提供的工作崗位都是臨時的，同時這些工作崗位往往都被受過訓練而且富有經(jīng)驗的外地人獲得，本地人并不具有競爭力。
聽力部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 回收性砍伐弊大于利
- Sub point 1: 回收性砍伐會使森林土壤失去營養(yǎng)
- Sub point 2: 回收性砍伐會使鳥類和有益的昆蟲失去棲息地，長久看來對森林無益
- Sub point 3: 回收性砍伐經(jīng)濟利益很小。
閱讀材料：
Every year, forest fires and severe storms cause a great deal of damage to forests in the northwestern United States. One way of dealing with the aftermath of these disasters is called salvage logging, which is the practice of removing dead trees from affected areas and using the wood for lumber, plywood, and other wood products. There are several reasons why salvage logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economy.
每年，在美國西北部，森林火災和一些嚴重的暴風雨會給森林造成嚴重的損害。而處理這些災難造成的損害的方法之一被稱為回收性砍伐。回收性砍伐是指把受損地區(qū)的已經(jīng)死亡的樹木一走，用作制作木料、膠合板或者其他木材產(chǎn)品。有一些理由讓我們相信回收性砍伐無論對于受損的森林還是對于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展都是有好處的。
First, after a devastating fire, forests are choked with dead trees. If the trees are not removed, they will take years to decompose; in the meantime, no new trees can grow in the cramped spaces. Salvage logging, however, removes the remains of dead trees and makes room for fresh growth immediately, which is likely to help forest areas recover from the disaster.
首先，每次森林火災之后，森林都被死樹堵住了。如果不把這些樹移走，那么它們需要數(shù)年的時間才會腐化。在這個時間里，就不會有新的樹木能夠在這些狹窄的空間發(fā)芽生長了。然而，回收性砍伐則可以把這些死樹移走，迅速地位新生的樹木提供生長的空間。這樣做，有助于幫助森林從火災中恢復。
Also, dead trees do more than just take up space. Decaying wood is a highly suitable habitat for insects such as the spruce bark beetle, which in large numbers can damage live, healthy spruce trees. So， by removing totting wood, salvage logging helps minimize the dangers of insect infestation, thus contributing to the health of the forest.
同時，已死的樹對森林的損害不僅僅是占用空間。腐爛的木頭同時也是昆蟲很好的棲息地，比如杉皮甲蟲。大量的杉皮甲蟲會對健康生長的杉樹造成損害。所以，通過移走這些腐爛的木頭，回收性砍伐可以降低蟲害侵襲的危險，進而保護森林的健康。
Third and last, salvage logging has economic benefits. Many industries depend upon the forests for their production, and because of this a fire can have a very harmful effect on the economy. Often, however, the trees that have been damaged by natural disasters still can provide much wood that is usable by industries. Furthermore, salvage logging requires more workers than traditional logging operations do, and so it helps create additional jobs for local residents.
最后，回收性砍伐是有經(jīng)濟收益的。很多的產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)都依賴森林，因而森林大火對于經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展是非常有害的。但是，很多時候這些因為自然災害死亡的樹木還是可以能夠為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供很多木材的。而且，回收性砍伐比傳統(tǒng)的砍伐活動需要更多的人力，所以這可以為當?shù)鼐用裉峁└嗟木蜆I(yè)機會。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 回收性砍伐對于森林和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展都好處
- Sub point 1: 可以為新生樹木提供生長空間
- Sub point 2: 可以避免蟲害傷害森林
- Sub point 3: 有助于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展
聽力材料：
Salvage logging may appear to be an effective way of helping forests recover after a destructive fire or storm, but it can actually result in serious loner-term environmental damage. Its economic benefits are also questionable.
回收性砍伐看起來似乎是個幫助森林從破壞性大火或者暴風雨中的損害中恢復的有效方法，但是事實上卻會帶來長期的環(huán)境損失。而它的經(jīng)濟利益也是存疑的。
First, cleaning up a forest after a fire or storm does not necessarily create the right conditions for tree growth. In fact, the natural process of wood decomposition enriches the soil and makes it more suitable for future generations of tree. The rapid removal of dead trees can result in soil that lacks the nutrients necessary for growth.
首先，在大火或者暴風雨之后的清理并不一定會給樹的生長提供合適的生長環(huán)境。事實上，樹木腐爛的自然過程可以使土壤變得肥沃，更適合以后樹木的生長。迅速地移除死去的樹木可能會導致土壤確實樹木生長所必須的營養(yǎng)物質。
Second, its true that rotting wood can increase insect population, but is this really bad for the forest? In fact, spruce bark beetles have lived in Alaskan forest for nearly hundred years without causing major damage. And of course dead trees do not provide habitats only for harmful insects. They are also used by birds and other insects that are important contributors to the long-term health of forests. In the long run, therefore, salvage logging may end up doing more harm to forests than harmful insects do.
第二，的確那些腐爛的樹木會讓昆蟲的數(shù)量增加，但是這就一定對森林不好嗎？事實上，杉皮甲蟲已經(jīng)在阿拉斯加森林里生活了近百年，但是從來沒有造成嚴重的災害。而且，死樹不是僅僅為害蟲提供棲息地，鳥類和其他昆蟲也會居于與此，這些鳥類和昆蟲對于森林的長期健康是有利的。因而，從長遠看，回收性砍伐最終給森林帶來的危害要大于害蟲。
And third, the economic benefits of salvage logging are small and dont last very long. In severely damaged forests, much of the lumber can be recovered only by using helicopters and other vehicles that are expensive to use and maintain. Furthermore, jobs created by salvage logging are only temporary and are often filled by outsiders with more experience or training than local residents have.
第三，回收性砍伐的經(jīng)濟利益是很微小的而且不具有持久性。在嚴重受損的森林里，木材必須使用直升飛機或者其他交通工具才能回收，而這些的使用和保養(yǎng)費用都非常昂貴。而且，回收性砍伐提供的工作崗位都是臨時的，同時這些工作崗位往往都被受過訓練而且富有經(jīng)驗的外地人獲得，本地人并不具有競爭力。
聽力部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 回收性砍伐弊大于利
- Sub point 1: 回收性砍伐會使森林土壤失去營養(yǎng)
- Sub point 2: 回收性砍伐會使鳥類和有益的昆蟲失去棲息地，長久看來對森林無益
- Sub point 3: 回收性砍伐經(jīng)濟利益很小。
