高考英語(yǔ)配套教學(xué)課件《Unit 2 The Environment》專(zhuān)題語(yǔ)法攻略(十四) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 譯林版必修5
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的使用 三種 情況 if從句 主句 例句 與現(xiàn)在 事實(shí)相 反 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were) 主語(yǔ)+would/could/might/should+do If I were a bird,I could fly.如果我是一只鳥(niǎo),我就能飛了。 三種 情況 if從句 主句 例句 與過(guò)去 事實(shí)相 反 主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞 主語(yǔ)+would/ could/might/should+have
done If we had started earlier,we should not have missed the train.如果我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)出發(fā),就不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)這列火車(chē)了。 三種 情況 if從句 主句 例句 與將來(lái) 事實(shí)相 反 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 主語(yǔ)+were to do 主語(yǔ)+should+do 主語(yǔ)+would/could/might/should+do If he should not arrive on time,we would call off the meeting.萬(wàn)一他不能按時(shí)到,我們就取消會(huì)議。 [注意] (1)用介詞with,without,but for等替代條件句。 But for your advice,I could not have done it so successfully.要是沒(méi)有你的建議,我就不會(huì)那么成功。 The changes could not have taken place without the open door policy.要是沒(méi)有開(kāi)放政策,就沒(méi)有這些變化。 (2)省略if的虛擬條件句。 if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有had,should,were時(shí),可將if省略。而將had,should,were置于句首,采用倒裝語(yǔ)序,而句意不變。 Had he worked harder,he would have got through the exams.如果他學(xué)習(xí)刻苦些,他就會(huì)通過(guò)考試了。 Were she younger,she would do it. 如果她再年輕點(diǎn),她會(huì)做這件事的。 Should it rain next week, the farmers would have a good harvest.倘若下周下雨,農(nóng)民就會(huì)有好收成。 二、混合(時(shí)間)錯(cuò)綜型虛擬條件句 通常情況下,在非真實(shí)條件句中主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指的時(shí)間是一致的,但有時(shí)也可能指不同的時(shí)間,這時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。即:從句和主句根據(jù)各自謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同,采用相應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。 1.從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示現(xiàn)在
If they had started the early morning yesterday,they would
be here now.
如果他們昨天一大早出發(fā)的話(huà),他們現(xiàn)在該到這里了。 2.從句表示將來(lái),主句表示過(guò)去
If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this
afternoon,I would have gone to see the film with you last
night.如果不是準(zhǔn)備今天下午的實(shí)驗(yàn),我昨晚就和你一塊
去看電影了。 3.從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示將來(lái)
If we hadn't made adequate preparations,we shouldn't
dare to do the experiment next week.
如果我們沒(méi)有做好充分準(zhǔn)備,下周我們就不敢做此實(shí)驗(yàn)。 4.從句表示將來(lái),主句表示現(xiàn)在
If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon,I would go
shopping now.如果今天下午我們不考試,我現(xiàn)在就去購(gòu)
物了。 5.從句表示現(xiàn)在,主句表示過(guò)去
If I were you,I would have gone to her birthday party.
如果我是你,我就去參加她的生日聚會(huì)了。 6.從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在
If you hadn‘t lent me some money,I couldn’t have bought
the new house and most likely I would be still living in the
dangerous house now.如果你不借給我錢(qián)的話(huà),我就不能
買(mǎi)新房子了,而且很可能我現(xiàn)在仍然住在危房里。
三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句中的使用 1.wish的賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣有三種情況: (1)表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí); (2)表示過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí); (3)表示將來(lái)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用
“would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。
How I wish I were you!我多么希望我就是你!
I wish that I had never met her.我要是沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她就好了。 2.hope/expect/think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,從
句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”,表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿
望或未做成的事。
I had hoped that I would stay here for about a month,but I
changed my mind.我本希望在這里要呆上大約一個(gè)月,但后
來(lái)改變了想法。 3.would rather/would prefer的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)
的情況用一般過(guò)去時(shí);表示過(guò)去的情況,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
He would rather he was the person who found the spot.
他希望他就是發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的那個(gè)人。
She would prefer that we had the discussion right after the
lecture.她愿意我們一聽(tīng)完課就討論。 4.suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,
desire,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用“(should+)動(dòng)詞
原形”形式。
由上述動(dòng)詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞的同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句
中,也要用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”的形式。這類(lèi)詞有:
suggestion,proposal,plan,demand,order,desire,
request,requirement,advice,decision,insistence等。
I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the
plan.我提議我們應(yīng)該確定一個(gè)交計(jì)劃的最終期限。 They demanded that the company (should) make compensation for the loss.他們要求該公司賠償損失。 Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she (should) be operated.她勉強(qiáng)地接受他們要她去做手術(shù)的建議。 The people expressed their desire that the war (should) come to an end soon.人民表達(dá)了早日結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的愿望。 [注意] 當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持要求”解,suggest作“建議”解時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”解,sugg- est作“暗示,表明”解時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句通常不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 She insisted that he was wrong.她堅(jiān)持(說(shuō))他錯(cuò)了。 His remarks suggested that he misunderstood my position on the question. 他的話(huà)表明他誤解了我在這一問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng)。
5.as if/though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣與wish
賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬形式相同。
She looks as if she were ten years younger than me.
她看起來(lái)好像比我年輕10歲。
She looks after the wounded monkey as if it were her baby.
她照料這只受傷的猴子,就像它是自己的孩子一樣。 6.在由in case/so that/lest/for fear+that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式,即should/might/would+動(dòng)詞原
形。
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch
cold.她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
He ran away lest he should be caught.
他逃走了以免被抓住。 7.It's (high/about) time+that從句
從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形,表示虛
擬語(yǔ)氣。
You‘re lazy-it’s high time that you started working hard.你
太懶了——你該開(kāi)始努力工作了。 8.It is+adj./done+that從句
在該結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果形容詞或過(guò)去分詞是下面一些詞語(yǔ),從句
謂語(yǔ)常用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”,如advisable,decided,
appropriate,determined,commanded,arranged,insistent,
natural,insisted,necessary,suggested,urgent,ordered,
strange,preferable,proposed,requested,required等。
It is necessary that older people (should) understand what the
young think.
年長(zhǎng)的人有必要了解年輕人在想些什么。
It is suggested that he often go out for a walk.
有人建議他應(yīng)該經(jīng)常出去走走。 9.if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,用一般
過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去
沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。
If only the driver hadn‘t driven so fast!
要是那位司機(jī)沒(méi)開(kāi)那么快就好了!
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的使用 三種 情況 if從句 主句 例句 與現(xiàn)在 事實(shí)相 反 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were) 主語(yǔ)+would/could/might/should+do If I were a bird,I could fly.如果我是一只鳥(niǎo),我就能飛了。 三種 情況 if從句 主句 例句 與過(guò)去 事實(shí)相 反 主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞 主語(yǔ)+would/ could/might/should+have
done If we had started earlier,we should not have missed the train.如果我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)出發(fā),就不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)這列火車(chē)了。 三種 情況 if從句 主句 例句 與將來(lái) 事實(shí)相 反 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 主語(yǔ)+were to do 主語(yǔ)+should+do 主語(yǔ)+would/could/might/should+do If he should not arrive on time,we would call off the meeting.萬(wàn)一他不能按時(shí)到,我們就取消會(huì)議。 [注意] (1)用介詞with,without,but for等替代條件句。 But for your advice,I could not have done it so successfully.要是沒(méi)有你的建議,我就不會(huì)那么成功。 The changes could not have taken place without the open door policy.要是沒(méi)有開(kāi)放政策,就沒(méi)有這些變化。 (2)省略if的虛擬條件句。 if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有had,should,were時(shí),可將if省略。而將had,should,were置于句首,采用倒裝語(yǔ)序,而句意不變。 Had he worked harder,he would have got through the exams.如果他學(xué)習(xí)刻苦些,他就會(huì)通過(guò)考試了。 Were she younger,she would do it. 如果她再年輕點(diǎn),她會(huì)做這件事的。 Should it rain next week, the farmers would have a good harvest.倘若下周下雨,農(nóng)民就會(huì)有好收成。 二、混合(時(shí)間)錯(cuò)綜型虛擬條件句 通常情況下,在非真實(shí)條件句中主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指的時(shí)間是一致的,但有時(shí)也可能指不同的時(shí)間,這時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。即:從句和主句根據(jù)各自謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同,采用相應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。 1.從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示現(xiàn)在
If they had started the early morning yesterday,they would
be here now.
如果他們昨天一大早出發(fā)的話(huà),他們現(xiàn)在該到這里了。 2.從句表示將來(lái),主句表示過(guò)去
If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this
afternoon,I would have gone to see the film with you last
night.如果不是準(zhǔn)備今天下午的實(shí)驗(yàn),我昨晚就和你一塊
去看電影了。 3.從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示將來(lái)
If we hadn't made adequate preparations,we shouldn't
dare to do the experiment next week.
如果我們沒(méi)有做好充分準(zhǔn)備,下周我們就不敢做此實(shí)驗(yàn)。 4.從句表示將來(lái),主句表示現(xiàn)在
If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon,I would go
shopping now.如果今天下午我們不考試,我現(xiàn)在就去購(gòu)
物了。 5.從句表示現(xiàn)在,主句表示過(guò)去
If I were you,I would have gone to her birthday party.
如果我是你,我就去參加她的生日聚會(huì)了。 6.從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在
If you hadn‘t lent me some money,I couldn’t have bought
the new house and most likely I would be still living in the
dangerous house now.如果你不借給我錢(qián)的話(huà),我就不能
買(mǎi)新房子了,而且很可能我現(xiàn)在仍然住在危房里。
三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句中的使用 1.wish的賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣有三種情況: (1)表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí); (2)表示過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí); (3)表示將來(lái)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用
“would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。
How I wish I were you!我多么希望我就是你!
I wish that I had never met her.我要是沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她就好了。 2.hope/expect/think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,從
句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”,表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿
望或未做成的事。
I had hoped that I would stay here for about a month,but I
changed my mind.我本希望在這里要呆上大約一個(gè)月,但后
來(lái)改變了想法。 3.would rather/would prefer的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)
的情況用一般過(guò)去時(shí);表示過(guò)去的情況,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
He would rather he was the person who found the spot.
他希望他就是發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的那個(gè)人。
She would prefer that we had the discussion right after the
lecture.她愿意我們一聽(tīng)完課就討論。 4.suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,
desire,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用“(should+)動(dòng)詞
原形”形式。
由上述動(dòng)詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞的同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句
中,也要用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”的形式。這類(lèi)詞有:
suggestion,proposal,plan,demand,order,desire,
request,requirement,advice,decision,insistence等。
I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the
plan.我提議我們應(yīng)該確定一個(gè)交計(jì)劃的最終期限。 They demanded that the company (should) make compensation for the loss.他們要求該公司賠償損失。 Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she (should) be operated.她勉強(qiáng)地接受他們要她去做手術(shù)的建議。 The people expressed their desire that the war (should) come to an end soon.人民表達(dá)了早日結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的愿望。 [注意] 當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持要求”解,suggest作“建議”解時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”解,sugg- est作“暗示,表明”解時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句通常不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 She insisted that he was wrong.她堅(jiān)持(說(shuō))他錯(cuò)了。 His remarks suggested that he misunderstood my position on the question. 他的話(huà)表明他誤解了我在這一問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng)。
5.as if/though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣與wish
賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬形式相同。
She looks as if she were ten years younger than me.
她看起來(lái)好像比我年輕10歲。
She looks after the wounded monkey as if it were her baby.
她照料這只受傷的猴子,就像它是自己的孩子一樣。 6.在由in case/so that/lest/for fear+that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式,即should/might/would+動(dòng)詞原
形。
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch
cold.她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
He ran away lest he should be caught.
他逃走了以免被抓住。 7.It's (high/about) time+that從句
從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形,表示虛
擬語(yǔ)氣。
You‘re lazy-it’s high time that you started working hard.你
太懶了——你該開(kāi)始努力工作了。 8.It is+adj./done+that從句
在該結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果形容詞或過(guò)去分詞是下面一些詞語(yǔ),從句
謂語(yǔ)常用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”,如advisable,decided,
appropriate,determined,commanded,arranged,insistent,
natural,insisted,necessary,suggested,urgent,ordered,
strange,preferable,proposed,requested,required等。
It is necessary that older people (should) understand what the
young think.
年長(zhǎng)的人有必要了解年輕人在想些什么。
It is suggested that he often go out for a walk.
有人建議他應(yīng)該經(jīng)常出去走走。 9.if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,用一般
過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去
沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。
If only the driver hadn‘t driven so fast!
要是那位司機(jī)沒(méi)開(kāi)那么快就好了!