【三維設(shè)計(jì)】2024屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)（通用版）練習(xí)：第2板塊題型3 閱讀理解 第2講 主旨大意題
題型三 閱讀理解第2講主旨大意題 對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書(shū)P46
題型概述]
主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中常考的題型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、概括段落大意、選擇標(biāo)題以及判斷作者寫(xiě)作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題，能夠拉開(kāi)考生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距，所以將此類(lèi)題設(shè)為高考試題具有很好的選拔作用。也可以說(shuō)，此類(lèi)題屬于能力型題目。
研究近幾年課標(biāo)地區(qū)的高考閱讀理解題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，主旨大意題幾乎年年都有，而且在大部分地區(qū)的閱讀理解題中會(huì)有1～3道考查此類(lèi)題。
要做好主旨大意題，我們首先必須了解其正確選項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的特征。
1．主旨大意題正確選項(xiàng)特征
(1)涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。
(2)確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。
(3)精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。
2．主旨大意題干擾選項(xiàng)特征
(1)過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云。所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過(guò)大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。
(2)以偏概全，主次不分。所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別字詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
(3)移花接木，偷換概念。所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A(yíng)的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案。
(4)無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套。所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。
題型突破]
中心大意題
文章的中心大意往往由文章體裁所決定。議論文主要是論述作者的某個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)，往往采用“總—分—總”的模式，第一段提出論點(diǎn)，然后是論據(jù)部分，最后一段得出結(jié)論(論點(diǎn)的重申)，所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段；說(shuō)明文則是說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物的用途或制作過(guò)程，主題句一般在首段；而資訊報(bào)道卻是報(bào)道一個(gè)人物事跡或重大事件等，主題句常出現(xiàn)在首段首句；記敘文一般沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線(xiàn)索來(lái)概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說(shuō)理性的句子，則這個(gè)句子為主題句。
典題例析] (2024·天津高考閱讀B節(jié)選)
Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company's “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us，” said Breazeal.
45．What does the passage mainly present?
A．A new design idea of household robots.
B．Marketing strategies for social robots.
C．Information on household robots.
D．An introduction to social robots.
[解題樣板]
本文首段對(duì)社交機(jī)器人做了總述性介紹，然后分段開(kāi)始舉例說(shuō)明社交機(jī)器人的用途及性能等情況，主要是對(duì)社交機(jī)器人的介紹。
A 社交機(jī)器人的新的設(shè)計(jì)理念。
文章第二、三、四段闡述了至少三種社交機(jī)器人的設(shè)計(jì)理念，A項(xiàng)只說(shuō)了一種。 以偏概全，
主次不分
B 社交機(jī)器人的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)策略。
文中并未提及此內(nèi)容。 無(wú)中生有，
生搬硬套
C 家用機(jī)器人的相關(guān)信息。
文章第二段雖提到了家用機(jī)器人，但那是為了與社交機(jī)器人對(duì)比，文章主要談?wù)摰倪€是社交機(jī)器人。 以偏概全，
主次不分
D 社交機(jī)器人的介紹。
D項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)確概括了文章大意，較全面。 涵蓋性強(qiáng)，
覆蓋全文
[答案] D
[題型技法]
掌握尋找主題句的4個(gè)小竅門(mén)，快速確定文章大意
弄清文章的大意，關(guān)鍵是找到主題句。文章的主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應(yīng)，但有時(shí)也在文中，甚至沒(méi)有主題句，需根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納。各段的主題句也常在該段的首句或尾句。議論文和說(shuō)明文一般有主題句，但記敘文通常沒(méi)有主題句，需要?dú)w納。
用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線(xiàn)索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門(mén)：
1．段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however, but, in fact, actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。
2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等詞。
標(biāo)題歸納題
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，標(biāo)題具有醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性的特點(diǎn)。醒目性是為了吸引讀者的注意力，喚起讀者對(duì)文章閱讀的興趣；概括性，就是指標(biāo)題要覆蓋文章的主要內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章的主題；針對(duì)性是標(biāo)題要直接指向文章的主要特點(diǎn)。標(biāo)題歸納題與中心大意題具有共同之處，當(dāng)文章主旨是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一句簡(jiǎn)潔的話(huà)時(shí)，我們可把它看作標(biāo)題；但是文章主旨往往是作者寫(xiě)作目的或?qū)懽鲀?nèi)容的歸納，一般不作為文章標(biāo)題。此外，標(biāo)題必須反映文章的中心大意，概括性強(qiáng)，表達(dá)精準(zhǔn)，這就要求選項(xiàng)的歸納要恰如其分，范圍合理。
[典題例析] (2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀D節(jié)選)
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (間隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
35．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Sound and Silence
B．What It Means to Be Silent
C．Silence to Native Americans
D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
[解題樣板]
通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了沉默在不同的文化和領(lǐng)域具有不同的含義。
A 聲音和沉默
文章并未談及sound，選項(xiàng)超出了文章所述范圍。 過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，
不知所云
B 沉默意味著什么
此標(biāo)題全面、精煉地概括了文章內(nèi)容。 涵蓋性強(qiáng)，
覆蓋全文
C 沉默對(duì)于美國(guó)本土人的意義是什么
文章第二段雖提到了美國(guó)本土人對(duì)沉默的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，但并非文章的中心內(nèi)容。 以偏概全，
主次不分
D 話(huà)語(yǔ)是銀；沉默是金
文章雖主要論述了silence的含義，但并未涉及此內(nèi)容。 無(wú)中生有，
生搬硬套
[答案] B
[題型技法]
理解標(biāo)題的3大特點(diǎn)，巧用3大方法確定文章標(biāo)題
一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
1．概括——準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短；
2．針對(duì)性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；
3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三種方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇開(kāi)原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫(xiě)出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對(duì)照，一一排除不符選項(xiàng)；
3．研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。
題型三 段落大意題
英語(yǔ)段落的中心思想常用主題句表達(dá)。所謂主題句就是概括說(shuō)明某一段落中心思想的句子。閱讀的主要目的就是讀懂文章段落的中心大意，辨別文章段落的中心思想自然就成了一個(gè)很重要的閱讀技巧，這一技巧同樣在提高閱讀能力和閱讀速度中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用。
主題句是表達(dá)段落主題的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都圍繞它展開(kāi)。主題句通常放在段落的開(kāi)端，其特點(diǎn)是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地?cái)[出問(wèn)題，然后加以詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。其作用是使文章的結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，更具說(shuō)服力，便于讀者迅速地把握主題和想象全段的內(nèi)容。主題句可以放在段中起到承上啟下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。
[典題例析] (2024·浙江高考閱讀C節(jié)選)
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world — is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution (進(jìn)化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive (認(rèn)知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”
53．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．The world may be more clearly explained through children's play.
B．Studying babies' play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D．One's drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
[解題樣板]
最后一段談到要從科學(xué)研究的角度看待兒童的發(fā)展，說(shuō)我們追求科學(xué)的態(tài)度其實(shí)源于我們的兒童時(shí)代。由此推斷，該段主旨是“研究嬰兒的游戲或許有助于更好地理解科學(xué)”。
A 通過(guò)兒童的游戲解釋世界或許更清晰。
本段雖提到了兒童的游戲，但并未談及此內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)概括的內(nèi)容范圍過(guò)大。 過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，
不知所云
B 研究嬰兒的游戲或許有助于更好地理解科學(xué)。
B項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結(jié)和概括。 涵蓋性強(qiáng)，
覆蓋全段
C 兒童擁有比科學(xué)家更強(qiáng)的理解事物的能力。
本段提及了兒童與科學(xué)家一樣都有理解事物的能力，但并未作出比較。 無(wú)中生有，
生搬硬套
D 一個(gè)人對(duì)科學(xué)研究的動(dòng)力可能會(huì)隨著他的成長(zhǎng)變得更強(qiáng)。
本段提到了人類(lèi)的進(jìn)化給嬰兒提供了好奇心和天生的解釋世界的動(dòng)力，但并未提及其與個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。 無(wú)中生有，
生搬硬套
[答案] B
[題型技法]
兩法破解段落大意題
1．概括段落大意
要準(zhǔn)確概括某段話(huà)的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段話(huà)的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說(shuō)明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話(huà)的中間；如果對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。
2．揣摩段落大意
有時(shí)，作者可以不直接寫(xiě)出主題句，而是通過(guò)各種方法暗示給讀者，需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。
寫(xiě)作目的題
寫(xiě)作目的與文章主旨不同，但兩者密切相關(guān)，是文章主旨的一種變體。文章主旨題是文章的中心思想，而寫(xiě)作目的則闡述文章為何表達(dá)這個(gè)中心思想，也即作者為何寫(xiě)這篇文章。作者的寫(xiě)作目的必須通過(guò)歸納中心思想才能找到。
[典題例析] (2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ閱讀C節(jié)選)
If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what's around. It's called Apple Day but in practice it's more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see,
and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn't taste of anything special, it's still worth a try, as is the knobbly (多疙瘩的) Cat's Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.
