托福聽力揭秘 識別“問答原則”
由于托福聽力考試要求的特殊性，與雅思的聽力考試不同，托福考生不能通過預覽聽力考題來對聽力材料中的重要內容作一個預先判斷，故而，掌握如何在托福聽力材料中定位重要信息的能力對于托福考生來說顯得至關重要。
除了聽力中幾乎百發百中的轉折原則外，問答原則也是在聽力材料中定位出題信息的一個重要原則。無論是在對話還是講座當中，問答情境的出現通常都是對聽力材料中涉及的重要問題的明確與深入探討，對于問題的回答往往就是對聽力主線內容的進一步闡釋說明，故而一問一答的內容往往就是出題點所在，此部分的信息是考生解題的重要線索與依據，需要重點關注。
下面將以TPO真題中的具體實例說明問答原則如何能夠幫助考生在托福聽力中定位重點出題信息。
Conversation篇
托福聽力中conversation涉及的主要是學生求助他人解決實際問題或授課內容疑難點的場景，問答原則在對話中的主要體現在于一、明確學生的主要問題 --- conversation必考的主旨題往往是在學生與教授或工作人員的問答中得以體現，其中：對話的目的主旨往往直接就是學生的問題所在，對話的大意主旨也都是在對話雙方的不斷應答中得以揭示的;以及二、探討、解決問題過程中的重要環節與步驟，在對話中基于不同問題或疑惑的解答往往是涉及對話主線的重要信息，通常在聽力中會以細節題的形式進行考察。
例1： TPO6 Conversation1當中，學生因不明確校園招聘會具體面向什么學生群體而特意前去咨詢，此處涉及的是對對話目的主旨的考察。
TPO-6 Conversation-1
Narrator
Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the universitys
career services office.
Student
Hi, do you have a minute?
Employee
Sure, how can I help you?
Student
I have a couple of questions about the career fair next week.
Employee
OK, shoot.
Student
Um ...well, are seniors the only ones who can go? I mean, you know, they are
finishing school this year and getting their degrees and everything. And, well, it
seems like businesses would wanna talk to them and not first year students
like me.
Employee
No, no, the career fair is opened to all our students and we encourage anyone
whos interested to go check it out.
1. Why does the student go to the career services office?
● to confirm the date and time of the career fair
● to learn the location of the career fair
● to find out he is allowed to attend the career fair
● to get advice about interviewing at the career fair
例2： TPO8 Conversation1當中，學生去辦理學位證，但因不明白辦理的具體要求，學生遇到了一些麻煩。
TPO-8 Conversation-1
Stu
Hi, Id like to drop of my graduation form; I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.
Reg
Ok, I will take that. Before you leave, lets me check our computer. Looks like you are OK for graduation, and actually, I am getting a warning fly on your academic record here.
Stu
Really?
Reg
Yeah. Lets see was what. Are you familiar with your graduation requirements?
Stu
Yes, I think so
Reg
Then you know you need 48 credits in your major field to graduate and at least 24 credits in the intermediate level or higher. Also, after your second year, you have to meet with your department chair to outline a plan for the rest of your time here.(Q2) In the past, we also issue letters before students final year began to let them know what they needed to take in the final year to be OK, but we dont do that anymore.
Stu
I definitely met with my chair person 2 years ago; he told me that I need 8 more courses at the intermediate level or higher in the last 2 years to be OK. So I am not sure what the problem is, I make sure I got these credits.
2.According to the registrar, what step is currently taken to ensure that students fulfill their graduation requirements?
●Academic records are regularly checked by the registrars office
●Students meet with a department chairperson to plan their course work
●Students receive letters listing the courses that they still need to take
●Warning letters are sent to students who have fallen behind in their course work
例3： TPO14 Conversation2當中，學生想轉資訊專業，老師向其解釋學校并沒有設置資訊專業，且就讀資訊專業并不是要成為記者的必要條件。
Student:
Yeah anyway, I am glad you schedule this meeting because I want to change my
major to journalism now.
Advisor:
Um，the university doesnt offer a major in journalism.
Student:
Oh no
Advisor:
But.
Student:
I I mean should I transfer to another school, or major in English?
Advisor:
Er wait a minute. Let me explain why the major isnt offered. Editors at newspapers editors um I mean when you apply for a reporting job, editors look
at the two things(Q2)--- they want to see clips, you know, some of your published articles(Q3), though also want you to try out, though give you an assignment like covering press conferences of some other event, then see if you can craft the story about it, accurately, on dead line(Q3).
3. According to advisor, how do newspaper editors evaluate an applicant for a
reporting position?
Clickon 2 answers.
They ask the applicant to present ideas for news stories.
They ask the applicant to write a news story.
They review the applicants university course work.
They review a sample of the applicants published articles.
Lecture篇
在以答疑解惑為邏輯主線的lecture當中，問答原則的作用顯得尤為突出。無論是在討論型還是獨白型的lecture當中，問答情境出現的地方往往都是涉及課程主題重難點的重要信息，通常是老師針對學生的疑問進行詳細闡明的情境，因這些重要的概念與說明往往圍繞上課主線展開，故而也都是出題點密集分布的精華部分。
例1: TPO6 Lecture1 教授詢問學生是否知道郁金香的原產地，在學生回答錯誤之后，最終給出了正確的答案。
TPO-6 Lecture-1
Professor
Exactly. For instance, do you have any idea where tulips are from? Originally I
mean.
Student
Well, the Netherlands, right?
Professor
Thats what most people think, but no. They are not native to the Netherlands,
or even Europe. Tulips actually hail from an area that Chinese call the Celestial
Mountains in Central Asia.
8. According to the professor,where did tulips originate
● the mountains of central Asia
● the region around Istanbul in Turkey
● the sandy soils of the Netherlands
● the forests of northern Europe
例2： TPO6 Lecture4學生因對教授的一處推理過程有疑，教授在解答學生疑問的過程中，列舉了三個使推理成立的重要依據。
TPO-6 Lecture-4
Student
But how is that proved that the Sahara used to be a lot wetter? I mean the
people who painted those hippos, well, couldnt they have seen them on their
travels?
Professor
Okay, in principal they could, Karl. But the rock paintings arent the only
evidence. Beneath the Sahara are huge aquifers, basically a sea of fresh
water, thats perhaps a million years old filtered through rock layers.
Anderand then there is fossilized pollen, from low shrubs and grasses that
once grew in the Sahara. In fact these plants still grow, erbut hundreds of
miles away, in more vegetated areas. Anyway, its this fossilized pollen along
with the aquifers and the rock paintings, these three things are all evidence
that the Sahara was once much greener than it is today(Q13), that there were hippos
and probably elephants and giraffes and so on.
13.Not long ago, the Sahara had a different climate. What evidence does the professor mention to support this(3)
● Ancient pollen
● Bones from large animals
● Rock paintings
● Agriculture in ancient Egypt
● Underground water
例3： TPO15 Lecture4教授在課上解釋一本看起來平凡無奇的書在拍賣會上拍得天價的真實原因。
TPO-15 Lecture-3
Professor
But in 1998, a book of prayers from the Middle Ages(Q9) sold in an art auction for a lot of
money, more money than anyone would pay for a damaged book from the 12th century. Beautiful or not, why? It had been discovered that the book was a palimpsest, and beneath the surface writing on the manual script laid, guess what? Mathematical theorems and diagrams from Archimedes(Q9)
9. What type of book became known as the Archimedes palimpsest?
A history book.
A physics book.
A prayer book.
An artists book.
由于托福聽力考試要求的特殊性，與雅思的聽力考試不同，托福考生不能通過預覽聽力考題來對聽力材料中的重要內容作一個預先判斷，故而，掌握如何在托福聽力材料中定位重要信息的能力對于托福考生來說顯得至關重要。
除了聽力中幾乎百發百中的轉折原則外，問答原則也是在聽力材料中定位出題信息的一個重要原則。無論是在對話還是講座當中，問答情境的出現通常都是對聽力材料中涉及的重要問題的明確與深入探討，對于問題的回答往往就是對聽力主線內容的進一步闡釋說明，故而一問一答的內容往往就是出題點所在，此部分的信息是考生解題的重要線索與依據，需要重點關注。
下面將以TPO真題中的具體實例說明問答原則如何能夠幫助考生在托福聽力中定位重點出題信息。
Conversation篇
托福聽力中conversation涉及的主要是學生求助他人解決實際問題或授課內容疑難點的場景，問答原則在對話中的主要體現在于一、明確學生的主要問題 --- conversation必考的主旨題往往是在學生與教授或工作人員的問答中得以體現，其中：對話的目的主旨往往直接就是學生的問題所在，對話的大意主旨也都是在對話雙方的不斷應答中得以揭示的;以及二、探討、解決問題過程中的重要環節與步驟，在對話中基于不同問題或疑惑的解答往往是涉及對話主線的重要信息，通常在聽力中會以細節題的形式進行考察。
例1： TPO6 Conversation1當中，學生因不明確校園招聘會具體面向什么學生群體而特意前去咨詢，此處涉及的是對對話目的主旨的考察。
TPO-6 Conversation-1
Narrator
Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the universitys
career services office.
Student
Hi, do you have a minute?
Employee
Sure, how can I help you?
Student
I have a couple of questions about the career fair next week.
Employee
OK, shoot.
Student
Um ...well, are seniors the only ones who can go? I mean, you know, they are
finishing school this year and getting their degrees and everything. And, well, it
seems like businesses would wanna talk to them and not first year students
like me.
Employee
No, no, the career fair is opened to all our students and we encourage anyone
whos interested to go check it out.
1. Why does the student go to the career services office?
● to confirm the date and time of the career fair
● to learn the location of the career fair
● to find out he is allowed to attend the career fair
● to get advice about interviewing at the career fair
例2： TPO8 Conversation1當中，學生去辦理學位證，但因不明白辦理的具體要求，學生遇到了一些麻煩。
TPO-8 Conversation-1
Stu
Hi, Id like to drop of my graduation form; I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.
Reg
Ok, I will take that. Before you leave, lets me check our computer. Looks like you are OK for graduation, and actually, I am getting a warning fly on your academic record here.
Stu
Really?
Reg
Yeah. Lets see was what. Are you familiar with your graduation requirements?
Stu
Yes, I think so
Reg
Then you know you need 48 credits in your major field to graduate and at least 24 credits in the intermediate level or higher. Also, after your second year, you have to meet with your department chair to outline a plan for the rest of your time here.(Q2) In the past, we also issue letters before students final year began to let them know what they needed to take in the final year to be OK, but we dont do that anymore.
Stu
I definitely met with my chair person 2 years ago; he told me that I need 8 more courses at the intermediate level or higher in the last 2 years to be OK. So I am not sure what the problem is, I make sure I got these credits.
2.According to the registrar, what step is currently taken to ensure that students fulfill their graduation requirements?
●Academic records are regularly checked by the registrars office
●Students meet with a department chairperson to plan their course work
●Students receive letters listing the courses that they still need to take
●Warning letters are sent to students who have fallen behind in their course work
例3： TPO14 Conversation2當中，學生想轉資訊專業，老師向其解釋學校并沒有設置資訊專業，且就讀資訊專業并不是要成為記者的必要條件。
Student:
Yeah anyway, I am glad you schedule this meeting because I want to change my
major to journalism now.
Advisor:
Um，the university doesnt offer a major in journalism.
Student:
Oh no
Advisor:
But.
Student:
I I mean should I transfer to another school, or major in English?
Advisor:
Er wait a minute. Let me explain why the major isnt offered. Editors at newspapers editors um I mean when you apply for a reporting job, editors look
at the two things(Q2)--- they want to see clips, you know, some of your published articles(Q3), though also want you to try out, though give you an assignment like covering press conferences of some other event, then see if you can craft the story about it, accurately, on dead line(Q3).
3. According to advisor, how do newspaper editors evaluate an applicant for a
reporting position?
Clickon 2 answers.
They ask the applicant to present ideas for news stories.
They ask the applicant to write a news story.
They review the applicants university course work.
They review a sample of the applicants published articles.
Lecture篇
在以答疑解惑為邏輯主線的lecture當中，問答原則的作用顯得尤為突出。無論是在討論型還是獨白型的lecture當中，問答情境出現的地方往往都是涉及課程主題重難點的重要信息，通常是老師針對學生的疑問進行詳細闡明的情境，因這些重要的概念與說明往往圍繞上課主線展開，故而也都是出題點密集分布的精華部分。
例1: TPO6 Lecture1 教授詢問學生是否知道郁金香的原產地，在學生回答錯誤之后，最終給出了正確的答案。
TPO-6 Lecture-1
Professor
Exactly. For instance, do you have any idea where tulips are from? Originally I
mean.
Student
Well, the Netherlands, right?
Professor
Thats what most people think, but no. They are not native to the Netherlands,
or even Europe. Tulips actually hail from an area that Chinese call the Celestial
Mountains in Central Asia.
8. According to the professor,where did tulips originate
● the mountains of central Asia
● the region around Istanbul in Turkey
● the sandy soils of the Netherlands
● the forests of northern Europe
例2： TPO6 Lecture4學生因對教授的一處推理過程有疑，教授在解答學生疑問的過程中，列舉了三個使推理成立的重要依據。
TPO-6 Lecture-4
Student
But how is that proved that the Sahara used to be a lot wetter? I mean the
people who painted those hippos, well, couldnt they have seen them on their
travels?
Professor
Okay, in principal they could, Karl. But the rock paintings arent the only
evidence. Beneath the Sahara are huge aquifers, basically a sea of fresh
water, thats perhaps a million years old filtered through rock layers.
Anderand then there is fossilized pollen, from low shrubs and grasses that
once grew in the Sahara. In fact these plants still grow, erbut hundreds of
miles away, in more vegetated areas. Anyway, its this fossilized pollen along
with the aquifers and the rock paintings, these three things are all evidence
that the Sahara was once much greener than it is today(Q13), that there were hippos
and probably elephants and giraffes and so on.
13.Not long ago, the Sahara had a different climate. What evidence does the professor mention to support this(3)
● Ancient pollen
● Bones from large animals
● Rock paintings
● Agriculture in ancient Egypt
● Underground water
例3： TPO15 Lecture4教授在課上解釋一本看起來平凡無奇的書在拍賣會上拍得天價的真實原因。
TPO-15 Lecture-3
Professor
But in 1998, a book of prayers from the Middle Ages(Q9) sold in an art auction for a lot of
money, more money than anyone would pay for a damaged book from the 12th century. Beautiful or not, why? It had been discovered that the book was a palimpsest, and beneath the surface writing on the manual script laid, guess what? Mathematical theorems and diagrams from Archimedes(Q9)
9. What type of book became known as the Archimedes palimpsest?
A history book.
A physics book.
A prayer book.
An artists book.
