學(xué)習(xí)由whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句及語(yǔ)法句型
一 、學(xué)習(xí)由whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
whose 是定語(yǔ)從句中一個(gè)常用的關(guān)系代詞, 它是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格,在從句中作定語(yǔ),也就是說(shuō)當(dāng)先行詞與從句中某個(gè)名詞有所屬關(guān)系,表達(dá)的意思時(shí),用關(guān)系代詞whose 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,它既可以指代人,也可以指代物,既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
例:①M(fèi)r King,whose legs were badly hurt, was taken to the hospital. 金先生腿受重傷,被送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。
②They lives in a room whose window opens to the south. 他們住在一間窗戶(hù)朝南開(kāi)的房間里。
whose短語(yǔ)在定語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)可作介詞賓語(yǔ), 即構(gòu)成介詞+whose+名詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
例:①The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident. 金先生工作所在的部門(mén)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)已經(jīng)聽(tīng)人說(shuō)過(guò)這一意外事故。
②He is the student of whose brother we are always proud. 他就是那個(gè)我們總是為他哥哥感到驕傲的學(xué)生。
whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),通常可與of which/of whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。
例:①I(mǎi) made a table,the surface of whichis quite smooth. 我制了張桌子,桌面很光滑。
I made a table, whose surface is quite smooth.
②I live in a room whose windowopens to the south. 我住在一間窗戶(hù)朝南開(kāi)的屋子里。
③The professor of whom a daughter has gone abroad is very famous in China. 那位他的女兒已經(jīng)出國(guó)了的教授在國(guó)內(nèi)很有名。
二 、語(yǔ)法句型
1 、不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)
不定式具有副詞的特征,在句中可以作目的狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的目的。
例:He came to see me last Sunday. 他上星期天來(lái)看過(guò)我。
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語(yǔ),可以用in order to+動(dòng)詞原形,甚至可以將in order to短語(yǔ)提到句首。
例:①I(mǎi) had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man in order to get a job. 為了得到工作,我不得不對(duì)公司撒謊,并裝扮成男人。
②In order to catch the train, Ill get up very early tomorrow morning. 為了趕火車(chē),我明天將很早起床。
此外還可以用so as to短語(yǔ)來(lái)作目的狀語(yǔ),但so as to不能置于句首。
例:She lied to us because she had to so as to get a job. 她對(duì)我們?nèi)鲋e,那是因?yàn)闉榱说玫焦ぷ鳎坏貌贿@么做。
2 、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示。
例:①Unless you tell me ,I shall not be able to help you. 除非你告訴我,否則我無(wú)法幫助你。
②If anyone at work discovers my secret, I shall lose my job. 公司里任何人知道了我的秘密,我都將失業(yè)。
3 、形容詞在句中作賓補(bǔ)
有些及物動(dòng)詞,除了跟賓語(yǔ)外,還須加上一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài),以補(bǔ)充其意義上的不足,這樣的詞或短語(yǔ)叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),它與賓語(yǔ)之間有主謂關(guān)系,通常形容詞在句中可作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例:①So I cut my hair short. 于是我把頭發(fā)剪短了。
②They washed their clothes very clean. 他們將衣服洗得干干凈凈。
除形容詞外,副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式,分詞等均可作賓補(bǔ)。
例:①Will you please bring him in ? 請(qǐng)把他帶進(jìn)來(lái)好嗎?
②We elected him monitor of our class. 我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。
4 、It seems that/as if...
本句型實(shí)際上是主+系+表結(jié)構(gòu),其中it是無(wú)人稱(chēng)代詞,本身并無(wú)詞意,也并非形式主語(yǔ),seems為系動(dòng)詞,that/as if...引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,本句型使that/as if引導(dǎo)的從句所表達(dá)的意思變得不大肯定或者使語(yǔ)氣變得較為委婉。
例:①I(mǎi)t seems that it is more difficult for women to get to the top of the company. 婦女似乎更難提升到公司的最高職位。
②It seems to me that he has known everything.
看來(lái)他似乎什么事都知道了。
③It seems as if it is going to rain.
看來(lái)天要下雨了。
It seems常可以用I guess that...來(lái)替換。
例:①I(mǎi) guess mens hands and fingers are too big !
It seems that mens hands and fingers are too big. 男人的手和手指似乎太大了。
②It seems that she told a lie in order to get a job in our company.
I guess she told a lie in order to get a job in our company. 看來(lái)她為了想在我們公司找一份工作,向我們?nèi)隽酥e。
5、 have sb./sth. doing sth.
此句型中,have為使役動(dòng)詞,分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),與賓語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,意為使某人做某事,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。
例:①We have never had women working in this part of our company before. 我們以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有讓女人在我們公司的這個(gè)部門(mén)工作。
②They had their lights burning all night long. 他們通宵把燈點(diǎn)著。
如果只強(qiáng)調(diào)讓某人、某物做某事而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性時(shí),我們可用省to的不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例:I wont have you do such things. 我不讓你去做這些事。
當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞have后接過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)則與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,即have sth. done句型, 此句型有兩種含義。
其一:表示使得某事得以做成或把某事做完。
例:①I(mǎi)ll have my bicycle repaired. 我將把自行車(chē)推去修好。
②I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天去理了發(fā)。
其二:表示遭遇某種情況或經(jīng)歷一個(gè)事情或行動(dòng)。
例:①King Charlies I had his head cut off. 國(guó)王查理一世被砍了頭。
②She had her wallet stolen yesterday. 昨天她的錢(qián)包被偷了。
6、 Does it matter...
此句型中,it為無(wú)人稱(chēng)代詞,作主語(yǔ),matter是動(dòng)詞,意思是關(guān)系重要,主要用于否定句,疑問(wèn)句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。
例:①Does it matter if an engineer is a man or a woman? 工程師是男是女,這有什么關(guān)系呢?
②What does it matter? 這有什么關(guān)系?
③It doesnt matter, does it ? 這沒(méi)多大關(guān)系,是嗎?
④It doesnt matter to me what you do or how you do it. 你做什么,怎么做對(duì)我都無(wú)關(guān)緊要。
一 、學(xué)習(xí)由whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
whose 是定語(yǔ)從句中一個(gè)常用的關(guān)系代詞, 它是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格,在從句中作定語(yǔ),也就是說(shuō)當(dāng)先行詞與從句中某個(gè)名詞有所屬關(guān)系,表達(dá)的意思時(shí),用關(guān)系代詞whose 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,它既可以指代人,也可以指代物,既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
例:①M(fèi)r King,whose legs were badly hurt, was taken to the hospital. 金先生腿受重傷,被送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。
②They lives in a room whose window opens to the south. 他們住在一間窗戶(hù)朝南開(kāi)的房間里。
whose短語(yǔ)在定語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)可作介詞賓語(yǔ), 即構(gòu)成介詞+whose+名詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
例:①The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident. 金先生工作所在的部門(mén)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)已經(jīng)聽(tīng)人說(shuō)過(guò)這一意外事故。
②He is the student of whose brother we are always proud. 他就是那個(gè)我們總是為他哥哥感到驕傲的學(xué)生。
whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),通常可與of which/of whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。
例:①I(mǎi) made a table,the surface of whichis quite smooth. 我制了張桌子,桌面很光滑。
I made a table, whose surface is quite smooth.
②I live in a room whose windowopens to the south. 我住在一間窗戶(hù)朝南開(kāi)的屋子里。
③The professor of whom a daughter has gone abroad is very famous in China. 那位他的女兒已經(jīng)出國(guó)了的教授在國(guó)內(nèi)很有名。
二 、語(yǔ)法句型
1 、不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)
不定式具有副詞的特征,在句中可以作目的狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的目的。
例:He came to see me last Sunday. 他上星期天來(lái)看過(guò)我。
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語(yǔ),可以用in order to+動(dòng)詞原形,甚至可以將in order to短語(yǔ)提到句首。
例:①I(mǎi) had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man in order to get a job. 為了得到工作,我不得不對(duì)公司撒謊,并裝扮成男人。
②In order to catch the train, Ill get up very early tomorrow morning. 為了趕火車(chē),我明天將很早起床。
此外還可以用so as to短語(yǔ)來(lái)作目的狀語(yǔ),但so as to不能置于句首。
例:She lied to us because she had to so as to get a job. 她對(duì)我們?nèi)鲋e,那是因?yàn)闉榱说玫焦ぷ鳎坏貌贿@么做。
2 、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示。
例:①Unless you tell me ,I shall not be able to help you. 除非你告訴我,否則我無(wú)法幫助你。
②If anyone at work discovers my secret, I shall lose my job. 公司里任何人知道了我的秘密,我都將失業(yè)。
3 、形容詞在句中作賓補(bǔ)
有些及物動(dòng)詞,除了跟賓語(yǔ)外,還須加上一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài),以補(bǔ)充其意義上的不足,這樣的詞或短語(yǔ)叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),它與賓語(yǔ)之間有主謂關(guān)系,通常形容詞在句中可作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例:①So I cut my hair short. 于是我把頭發(fā)剪短了。
②They washed their clothes very clean. 他們將衣服洗得干干凈凈。
除形容詞外,副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式,分詞等均可作賓補(bǔ)。
例:①Will you please bring him in ? 請(qǐng)把他帶進(jìn)來(lái)好嗎?
②We elected him monitor of our class. 我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。
4 、It seems that/as if...
本句型實(shí)際上是主+系+表結(jié)構(gòu),其中it是無(wú)人稱(chēng)代詞,本身并無(wú)詞意,也并非形式主語(yǔ),seems為系動(dòng)詞,that/as if...引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,本句型使that/as if引導(dǎo)的從句所表達(dá)的意思變得不大肯定或者使語(yǔ)氣變得較為委婉。
例:①I(mǎi)t seems that it is more difficult for women to get to the top of the company. 婦女似乎更難提升到公司的最高職位。
②It seems to me that he has known everything.
看來(lái)他似乎什么事都知道了。
③It seems as if it is going to rain.
看來(lái)天要下雨了。
It seems常可以用I guess that...來(lái)替換。
例:①I(mǎi) guess mens hands and fingers are too big !
It seems that mens hands and fingers are too big. 男人的手和手指似乎太大了。
②It seems that she told a lie in order to get a job in our company.
I guess she told a lie in order to get a job in our company. 看來(lái)她為了想在我們公司找一份工作,向我們?nèi)隽酥e。
5、 have sb./sth. doing sth.
此句型中,have為使役動(dòng)詞,分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),與賓語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,意為使某人做某事,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。
例:①We have never had women working in this part of our company before. 我們以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有讓女人在我們公司的這個(gè)部門(mén)工作。
②They had their lights burning all night long. 他們通宵把燈點(diǎn)著。
如果只強(qiáng)調(diào)讓某人、某物做某事而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性時(shí),我們可用省to的不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例:I wont have you do such things. 我不讓你去做這些事。
當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞have后接過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)則與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,即have sth. done句型, 此句型有兩種含義。
其一:表示使得某事得以做成或把某事做完。
例:①I(mǎi)ll have my bicycle repaired. 我將把自行車(chē)推去修好。
②I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天去理了發(fā)。
其二:表示遭遇某種情況或經(jīng)歷一個(gè)事情或行動(dòng)。
例:①King Charlies I had his head cut off. 國(guó)王查理一世被砍了頭。
②She had her wallet stolen yesterday. 昨天她的錢(qián)包被偷了。
6、 Does it matter...
此句型中,it為無(wú)人稱(chēng)代詞,作主語(yǔ),matter是動(dòng)詞,意思是關(guān)系重要,主要用于否定句,疑問(wèn)句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。
例:①Does it matter if an engineer is a man or a woman? 工程師是男是女,這有什么關(guān)系呢?
②What does it matter? 這有什么關(guān)系?
③It doesnt matter, does it ? 這沒(méi)多大關(guān)系,是嗎?
④It doesnt matter to me what you do or how you do it. 你做什么,怎么做對(duì)我都無(wú)關(guān)緊要。