歷年四級閱讀真題解析
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Ive been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.
The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls free writing. In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.
Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that youve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.
Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.
注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。
57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind cannot work in parallel (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.
A) no one can be both creative and critical
B) they cannot be regarded as equally important
C) they are in constant conflict with each other
D) one cannot use them at the same time(D)
58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.
A) putting their ideas in raw form
B) attempting to edit as they write
C) ignoring grammatical soundness
D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts(B)
59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?
A) To organize ones thoughts logically.
B) To choose an appropriate topic.
C) To get ones ideas down.
D) To collect raw materials.(C)
60. One common concern of writers about free writing is that ________.
A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C) it may bring about too much criticism
D) it does not help them to think clearly(B)
61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?
A) It refines his writing into better shape.
B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.
C) It saves the writing time available to him.
D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.(A)
這是一篇語言較為平易的說明文，作者以簡練、親切、對話式的語言向讀者闡述了自己的寫作方法。全文共五段，開篇以Ive been writing for most of my life一句點明作者是位經(jīng)驗豐富的作家，開門見山，在讀者心目中樹立了權威，為后文介紹的寫作方法被讀者接受鋪平了道路。作者隨后馬不停蹄提出了第一點寫作方法，The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind，即批判思維與創(chuàng)造思維不能同時共存。按照常理來講，這句話是應該與前文斷開、自成一段的，原因是它與前文實際上是總分關系。不過由于文章的平易性和閑散性，作者也就對此未做過高要求。
第二段具體說明解決批判思維與創(chuàng)造思維的關系問題的方法：使用創(chuàng)造思維在前，使用批判思維在后：You must learn to create first and then criticize.
第三段介紹了運用創(chuàng)造思維的具體方法：free writing，自由寫作;第四、五段具體講解批判思維的使用方法。
【題目解析】
57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind cannot work in parallel (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.
A) no one can be both creative and critical
B) they cannot be regarded as equally important
C) they are in constant conflict with each other
D) one cannot use them at the same time
題目問作者所講的寫作過程中的創(chuàng)造思維與批判思維cannot work in parallel是什么意思。
文章的第二段論述了創(chuàng)造性思維與批判性思維的關系問題。從最后一句結語You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is可清晰地看出，在應用這二種思維時，必須首先使用創(chuàng)造性思維，而后再使用批判性思維。意思就是二者不可同時使用。
A，一個人不可能既會用創(chuàng)造性思維又會用批判性思維。no one can be both creative and critical的意思是一個人身上不同時具備這二種思維能力，而不是不能同時使用這二者。作者在文中討論先運用創(chuàng)造思維、后運用批判思維的問題，那么一個人肯定是具有這兩種思維能力的。A的解釋不對。
B，二者的重要性不可等量齊觀。從上下文來看，作者從未對二者孰重孰輕做出評判，而只是討論了先后問題。
C，二者始終處于與對方斗爭沖突的狀態(tài)。從文中論述可知，只有當人們想同時使用二者時，這二者才會發(fā)生沖突，如果一前一后使用則不會。所以并不能說始終處于沖突狀態(tài)。因此這個選項的論斷不正確。
D，一個人不能同時運用這二種思維，這一點與文中的You must learn to create first and then criticize相符。
58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.
A) putting their ideas in raw form
B) attempting to edit as they write
C) ignoring grammatical soundness
D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts
題目問妨礙人們實現(xiàn)流暢寫作的是什么?
文章第二段講到了這個問題。開頭 The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls free writing.一句具體指出了寫作時的壞習慣嘗試修改(edit)，而解決辦法則是free writing.后文做了兩個假設，即在想法初現(xiàn)的時候考慮語法問題和想法初現(xiàn)就不做修改與人分享，這二種情形的結果都不理想。段末指出了解決方案：先不受影響地創(chuàng)造出想法，然后運用批判思維進行修改。
A，把原始的粗糙想法拿來與人分享。文中提到putting their ideas in raw form時是要強調想法如果不進行修改則不會被人理解，想法能夠寫下來實際上已經(jīng)是流暢寫作的結果了，也就不存在妨礙問題。
B，在寫作時試圖進行修改。The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write，這句話指出邊寫邊修改是寫作的壞習慣，與B的說法一致。
C，忽略語法錯誤。從第二段舉出的第一個假設可知，忽略語法錯誤恰好是實現(xiàn)流暢寫作的方法，而非妨礙因素。
D，設法抓住稍縱即逝的想法。，文中提到correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die，意思是寫作時如果想要糾正語法，那么想法很可能會消失。抓住稍縱即逝的想法實際上是寫作的第一步，而修改語法是其妨礙因素。
59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?
A) To organize ones thoughts logically.
B) To choose an appropriate topic.
C) To get ones ideas down.
D) To collect raw materials.
題目問寫作第一個步驟的主要目標是什么。
從某種角度來看，文章論述的其實就寫作的順序問題。文章前半部分分析了創(chuàng)造性思維與批評性思維的關系，推出了必須先運用創(chuàng)造性思維記下想法而后再運用批判性思維進行修改的觀點(You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is)。后半部分對如何運用創(chuàng)造性思維和批判性思維進行了具體描述。那么根據(jù)文意，寫作的第一步就是運用創(chuàng)造性思維把觀點記下來，記下來的方法就是 free writing，即想到哪里就記到哪里。
A， 把想法有邏輯性地組織起來。Free writing的方法就是要把想法自由記下，而不作修改，而要做到 有邏輯性地組織，顯然應是進行了修改，是批判性思維的結果。因此A不對。
B， 選擇一個適當?shù)念}目。全文沒有提到選擇題目問題。
C，記下想法，與前面的分析一致，是正確的。
D，收集原始材料。文章也沒有提到材料收集問題。
60. One common concern of writers about free writing is that ________.
A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C) it may bring about too much criticism
D) it does not help them to think clearly
題目問作家們進行自由寫作時遇到的共同問題是什么。文章第三段對free writing的方法進行了具體說明，之后兩段則指出自由寫作的結果是花費很多時間來進行修改。從第四段的this will take more time than you actually have，到第四段的Move back and forth until you run out of time，寫作者必須和時間賽跑，才能在時間用完時將文章修改完畢。因此，作家們的共同問題應該是修改時間過緊。
A，它過于強調創(chuàng)造思維。強調創(chuàng)造思維是自由寫作本身的特點，這個不是問題，因過于強調而造成的修改時間過多才是問題。
B，用來修改的時間過多。這一說法符合我們前面所做的分析。
C，它會引來太多的批評。根據(jù)文意，正確的說法應該是會引來太多需要運用批判思維進行修改的地方。
D，自由寫作不能幫助作家清楚地思考。自由寫作的特點是幫助作家把最初最原始的想法記錄下來，這一步并不要求清楚地思考，也就不對作家們構成問題。清楚地思考要留待第二步批判思維來實現(xiàn)。
61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?
A) It refines his writing into better shape.
B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.
C) It saves the writing time available to him.
D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.
題目問批判性思維在作家的寫作過程中起到了什么作用。相關內容在最后二段。倒數(shù)第二段第一句Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that youve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly，指出在獲得前期資料后，即是運用批判性思維的時候。下一段整段對如何運用批判性思維進行了描述，從中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)批判性思維的主要作用是對文章草稿進行修改、精煉。
A，它使文章更加成形。也就是對文章草稿進行修改、精煉的意思，符合最后一段對批判思維的描述。
B，它能使作家產(chǎn)生新的想法。根據(jù)文意，批判思維是對現(xiàn)有想法的修改，不會產(chǎn)生新的想法。
C，它可以節(jié)省作者的寫作時間。倒數(shù)第二段提到this will take more time than you actually have，意思是在運用批判思維前很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)時間不夠用，那么批判思維有沒有節(jié)省時間呢?從Move back and forth until you run out of time這最后一句話可以看出，即便運用批判性思維，還是把所有的時間都用光了。因此并沒有節(jié)省時間。
D，它可使作者坐下來審視文章。坐下來審視文章的意思就是運用批判性思維本身，不能說本身會對本身起到什么作用。
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Ive been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.
The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls free writing. In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.
Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that youve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.
Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.
注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。
57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind cannot work in parallel (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.
A) no one can be both creative and critical
B) they cannot be regarded as equally important
C) they are in constant conflict with each other
D) one cannot use them at the same time(D)
58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.
A) putting their ideas in raw form
B) attempting to edit as they write
C) ignoring grammatical soundness
D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts(B)
59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?
A) To organize ones thoughts logically.
B) To choose an appropriate topic.
C) To get ones ideas down.
D) To collect raw materials.(C)
60. One common concern of writers about free writing is that ________.
A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C) it may bring about too much criticism
D) it does not help them to think clearly(B)
61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?
A) It refines his writing into better shape.
B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.
C) It saves the writing time available to him.
D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.(A)
這是一篇語言較為平易的說明文，作者以簡練、親切、對話式的語言向讀者闡述了自己的寫作方法。全文共五段，開篇以Ive been writing for most of my life一句點明作者是位經(jīng)驗豐富的作家，開門見山，在讀者心目中樹立了權威，為后文介紹的寫作方法被讀者接受鋪平了道路。作者隨后馬不停蹄提出了第一點寫作方法，The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind，即批判思維與創(chuàng)造思維不能同時共存。按照常理來講，這句話是應該與前文斷開、自成一段的，原因是它與前文實際上是總分關系。不過由于文章的平易性和閑散性，作者也就對此未做過高要求。
第二段具體說明解決批判思維與創(chuàng)造思維的關系問題的方法：使用創(chuàng)造思維在前，使用批判思維在后：You must learn to create first and then criticize.
第三段介紹了運用創(chuàng)造思維的具體方法：free writing，自由寫作;第四、五段具體講解批判思維的使用方法。
【題目解析】
57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind cannot work in parallel (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.
A) no one can be both creative and critical
B) they cannot be regarded as equally important
C) they are in constant conflict with each other
D) one cannot use them at the same time
題目問作者所講的寫作過程中的創(chuàng)造思維與批判思維cannot work in parallel是什么意思。
文章的第二段論述了創(chuàng)造性思維與批判性思維的關系問題。從最后一句結語You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is可清晰地看出，在應用這二種思維時，必須首先使用創(chuàng)造性思維，而后再使用批判性思維。意思就是二者不可同時使用。
A，一個人不可能既會用創(chuàng)造性思維又會用批判性思維。no one can be both creative and critical的意思是一個人身上不同時具備這二種思維能力，而不是不能同時使用這二者。作者在文中討論先運用創(chuàng)造思維、后運用批判思維的問題，那么一個人肯定是具有這兩種思維能力的。A的解釋不對。
B，二者的重要性不可等量齊觀。從上下文來看，作者從未對二者孰重孰輕做出評判，而只是討論了先后問題。
C，二者始終處于與對方斗爭沖突的狀態(tài)。從文中論述可知，只有當人們想同時使用二者時，這二者才會發(fā)生沖突，如果一前一后使用則不會。所以并不能說始終處于沖突狀態(tài)。因此這個選項的論斷不正確。
D，一個人不能同時運用這二種思維，這一點與文中的You must learn to create first and then criticize相符。
58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.
A) putting their ideas in raw form
B) attempting to edit as they write
C) ignoring grammatical soundness
D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts
題目問妨礙人們實現(xiàn)流暢寫作的是什么?
文章第二段講到了這個問題。開頭 The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls free writing.一句具體指出了寫作時的壞習慣嘗試修改(edit)，而解決辦法則是free writing.后文做了兩個假設，即在想法初現(xiàn)的時候考慮語法問題和想法初現(xiàn)就不做修改與人分享，這二種情形的結果都不理想。段末指出了解決方案：先不受影響地創(chuàng)造出想法，然后運用批判思維進行修改。
A，把原始的粗糙想法拿來與人分享。文中提到putting their ideas in raw form時是要強調想法如果不進行修改則不會被人理解，想法能夠寫下來實際上已經(jīng)是流暢寫作的結果了，也就不存在妨礙問題。
B，在寫作時試圖進行修改。The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write，這句話指出邊寫邊修改是寫作的壞習慣，與B的說法一致。
C，忽略語法錯誤。從第二段舉出的第一個假設可知，忽略語法錯誤恰好是實現(xiàn)流暢寫作的方法，而非妨礙因素。
D，設法抓住稍縱即逝的想法。，文中提到correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die，意思是寫作時如果想要糾正語法，那么想法很可能會消失。抓住稍縱即逝的想法實際上是寫作的第一步，而修改語法是其妨礙因素。
59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?
A) To organize ones thoughts logically.
B) To choose an appropriate topic.
C) To get ones ideas down.
D) To collect raw materials.
題目問寫作第一個步驟的主要目標是什么。
從某種角度來看，文章論述的其實就寫作的順序問題。文章前半部分分析了創(chuàng)造性思維與批評性思維的關系，推出了必須先運用創(chuàng)造性思維記下想法而后再運用批判性思維進行修改的觀點(You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is)。后半部分對如何運用創(chuàng)造性思維和批判性思維進行了具體描述。那么根據(jù)文意，寫作的第一步就是運用創(chuàng)造性思維把觀點記下來，記下來的方法就是 free writing，即想到哪里就記到哪里。
A， 把想法有邏輯性地組織起來。Free writing的方法就是要把想法自由記下，而不作修改，而要做到 有邏輯性地組織，顯然應是進行了修改，是批判性思維的結果。因此A不對。
B， 選擇一個適當?shù)念}目。全文沒有提到選擇題目問題。
C，記下想法，與前面的分析一致，是正確的。
D，收集原始材料。文章也沒有提到材料收集問題。
60. One common concern of writers about free writing is that ________.
A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C) it may bring about too much criticism
D) it does not help them to think clearly
題目問作家們進行自由寫作時遇到的共同問題是什么。文章第三段對free writing的方法進行了具體說明，之后兩段則指出自由寫作的結果是花費很多時間來進行修改。從第四段的this will take more time than you actually have，到第四段的Move back and forth until you run out of time，寫作者必須和時間賽跑，才能在時間用完時將文章修改完畢。因此，作家們的共同問題應該是修改時間過緊。
A，它過于強調創(chuàng)造思維。強調創(chuàng)造思維是自由寫作本身的特點，這個不是問題，因過于強調而造成的修改時間過多才是問題。
B，用來修改的時間過多。這一說法符合我們前面所做的分析。
C，它會引來太多的批評。根據(jù)文意，正確的說法應該是會引來太多需要運用批判思維進行修改的地方。
D，自由寫作不能幫助作家清楚地思考。自由寫作的特點是幫助作家把最初最原始的想法記錄下來，這一步并不要求清楚地思考，也就不對作家們構成問題。清楚地思考要留待第二步批判思維來實現(xiàn)。
61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?
A) It refines his writing into better shape.
B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.
C) It saves the writing time available to him.
D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.
題目問批判性思維在作家的寫作過程中起到了什么作用。相關內容在最后二段。倒數(shù)第二段第一句Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that youve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly，指出在獲得前期資料后，即是運用批判性思維的時候。下一段整段對如何運用批判性思維進行了描述，從中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)批判性思維的主要作用是對文章草稿進行修改、精煉。
A，它使文章更加成形。也就是對文章草稿進行修改、精煉的意思，符合最后一段對批判思維的描述。
B，它能使作家產(chǎn)生新的想法。根據(jù)文意，批判思維是對現(xiàn)有想法的修改，不會產(chǎn)生新的想法。
C，它可以節(jié)省作者的寫作時間。倒數(shù)第二段提到this will take more time than you actually have，意思是在運用批判思維前很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)時間不夠用，那么批判思維有沒有節(jié)省時間呢?從Move back and forth until you run out of time這最后一句話可以看出，即便運用批判性思維，還是把所有的時間都用光了。因此并沒有節(jié)省時間。
D，它可使作者坐下來審視文章。坐下來審視文章的意思就是運用批判性思維本身，不能說本身會對本身起到什么作用。
