2023考研英語(yǔ)閱讀跟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)走
Follow my leader
跟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)走
A group s intelligence depends in part on itsmembers ignorance
群體智慧部分依賴于群體成員的愚昧
HUMAN beings like to think of themselves asthe animal kingdom s smartest alecks.
人們總是喜歡將自己看作動(dòng)物王國(guó)中最聰明的。
It may come as a surprise to some,therefore, that Iain Couzin of Princeton Universitybelieves they havesomething to learn from lesser creatures that move about in a largecrowd.
然而，令一些人感到驚訝的是，普林斯頓大學(xué)的Iain Couzin相信人們能從更低等的、大群活動(dòng)的動(dòng)物中學(xué)到東西。
Ashe told the AAAS meeting in Washington, DC, groups of animals often make whatlook likewise decisions, even when most of the members of those groups areignorant of what is goingon.
正如他在華盛頓AAAS召開(kāi)的會(huì)議上所說(shuō)的，雖然群居動(dòng)物中的大部分成員對(duì)接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么一無(wú)所知，但整個(gè)群體卻常常做出看起來(lái)更明智的決定。
Coming to that conclusion was noteasy.
得出這個(gè)結(jié)論并不容易。
Beforelessons can be drawn from critters perched on the lower rungs of theevolutionaryladder, their behaviour must first be understood.
因?yàn)楸仨毷紫壤斫膺@些動(dòng)物的行為，人們才能借鑒，而由于這些動(dòng)物處于進(jìn)化階梯的較低位置。
One way to dothis is to tag them with devices that follow themaroundmotion-capturesensors, radio transmitters or global-positioning-system detectorsthat can puta precise figure on their movements.
要做到這點(diǎn)，首先要用設(shè)備為他們打上標(biāo)簽以便跟蹤采用運(yùn)動(dòng)傳感器、無(wú)線電發(fā)射裝置和全球定位系統(tǒng)的探測(cè)器能精確描述它們活動(dòng)。
Unfortunately, it is impossible to tag morethan a few individuals in a herd, flock or swarm.
不幸的是，能被標(biāo)定的個(gè)體只是獸群、鳥(niǎo)群或蜂群中的少數(shù)。
Researchers have thereforetended to extrapolate from these few results by using variouscomputer models.
研究者們因此將這些少量數(shù)據(jù)采用各種電腦模型進(jìn)行推演。
Dr Couzin has done quite a bit of this himself.
Couzin博士已經(jīng)完成了一部分工作。
Most recently, he has modelledthe behaviour of shoals of fish.
最近，他建立了魚(yú)群行為模型。
He posited that how they swim will depend oneach individual s competing tendencies to stickclose to the others while not actually getting too close to anyparticular other fish.
他推測(cè)魚(yú)群游動(dòng)的方式有賴于魚(yú)類個(gè)體傾向于截住對(duì)方，而又不真的靠近對(duì)方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式。
It turns out that by fiddling with these tendencies, avirtual shoal can be made to swirlspontaneously in a circle, just like somereal species do.
基于這些傾向就歸納出模型，這些模擬的魚(yú)群可以自行轉(zhuǎn)圈巡游，就像真的一樣。
That is a start.
那只是一個(gè)開(kāi)始。
But real shoals do not existto swim in circles.
不過(guò)真實(shí)的魚(yú)群并不只是轉(zhuǎn)圈游動(dòng)。
Their purpose is to help their members eat and avoid beingeaten.
他們的目的是幫助成員覓食，同時(shí)防止被獵食。
At any one time, however, only some individuals know aboutand can thusreact tofood andthreats.
然而，無(wú)論什么時(shí)候，只有一些個(gè)體能對(duì)食物和威脅做出反應(yīng)。
Dr Couzin therefore wanted to find out how suchtemporary leaders influence the behaviour ofthe rest.
因此，Couzin博士想找出這些臨時(shí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)如何影響其余個(gè)體行為。
He discovered that leadership is extremelyefficient.
Couzin博士發(fā)現(xiàn)這種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式及其有效。
The larger a shoal is, the smaller is the proportion of it thatneeds to know what is actuallygoing on for it to feed and avoid predationeffectively.
魚(yú)群越大，需要知道接下來(lái)做什么才能有效覓食和避免危險(xiǎn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)比例就越小。
Indeed, having too many leaders with conflicting opinions resultsin confusion.
的確，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)越多，矛盾觀點(diǎn)造成的混亂就越多。
At least, that is true in the model.
至少，模型上是這樣。
He is now testing it inreality.
他現(xiàn)在正在真實(shí)環(huán)境下測(cè)試模型。
Tracking individual fish in a shoal is hard.
跟蹤記錄魚(yú)群中的個(gè)體很困難。
Fortunately, advances in pattern-recognition software mean it is no longerimpossible.
幸運(yùn)的是，模式識(shí)別軟件的進(jìn)步讓這變成可能。
Systems designed to follow people are now clever enough not only totrack a person in acrowd, but also to tell in which direction his head isturned.
為跟蹤人類設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)足夠智能，不僅能跟蹤人群中的某個(gè)人，而且能顯示這個(gè)人的頭轉(zhuǎn)向何方。
Since, from above, the oval shape of a human head is not unlike theoblong body of a fish, thissoftware can, with a little tweaking, followpiscine antics, too.
因此，盡管魚(yú)類的身體是長(zhǎng)條形，與這個(gè)軟件可以識(shí)別的人類橢圓形頭部不同，從原理上說(shuō)，只要稍作修改使之適應(yīng)魚(yú)類外形即可。
Robo fish
機(jī)器魚(yú)
Dr Couzin has been using a program developedby Colin Twomey, a graduate student at hislaboratory, to track individual fishin a tank.
Couzin博士一直在使用他實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究生Colin Twomey開(kāi)發(fā)的程序來(lái)記錄水池中魚(yú)類個(gè)體的行為。
The result is not just a model of shoaling fish, but a precisenumerical representation of theiractual movements and fields of vision.
這個(gè)成果不僅是魚(yú)群的模型，更是魚(yú)群真實(shí)行動(dòng)和視野的精確數(shù)值反應(yīng)。
Thatmeans it is possible to investigate whether real-life fishy leaders have thesame effecton a group as their virtual kin.
這就意味著深入研究真實(shí)魚(yú)群中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們與他們的模擬親戚在魚(yú)群中是否有同樣影響變成可能。
Alas, merely observing a shoal does not makeit clear which individuals lead and whichfollow.
然而，僅僅只觀察一個(gè)魚(yú)群并不能清楚地區(qū)分哪個(gè)是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，哪個(gè)是隨從。
Instead, Dr Couzin has builta biddable robot three-spined stickleback.
作為替代，Couzin博士制作了一條能發(fā)出命令的機(jī)器三棘刺魚(yú)。
A preliminary study of a shoal often flesh-and-blood sticklebacks shows that they do indeedmingle with therobot and that they follow its leadership cues as predicted.
對(duì)一個(gè)有十條真實(shí)刺魚(yú)魚(yú)群的初步研究顯示，他們確實(shí)接納了那條機(jī)器魚(yú)，并且接受它的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指示。
He is now making arobot predator to see how the shoal reacts to less benign intruders.
他現(xiàn)在正在制作一個(gè)機(jī)器獵食者，用來(lái)觀察魚(yú)群對(duì)兇猛入侵者的反應(yīng)。
If the models are anything to go by, the bestoutcome for the groupin this case, not beingeatenseems to depend on mostmembers being blissfully unaware of the world outside theshoal and simplytaking their cue from others.
如果模型一切正常，那么就可得出對(duì)群體來(lái)說(shuō)最好的結(jié)果不會(huì)被吃掉這看起來(lái)有賴于大多數(shù)成員對(duì)魚(yú)群外部世界毫無(wú)知覺(jué)，僅僅只是接受其他魚(yú)指示的傻魚(yú)傻福。
This phenomenon, Dr Couzin argues, applies to allmanner of organisms, from individualcells in a tissue to voters in the democratic process.
Couzin博士指出，這個(gè)現(xiàn)象符合所有的組織行為，從組織中的個(gè)體單位到民主過(guò)程中的選民。
His team has already begun probing thequestion of voting patterns.
他的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始探索選舉模式的問(wèn)題。
But is ignorance really political bliss?
然而，愚昧真是政治之福嗎?
DrCouzin s models do not yet capture what happens when the leaders themselvesturn out tobe sharks.
Couzin博士的模型還沒(méi)有涉及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們自己變成鯊魚(yú)會(huì)發(fā)生什么。
詞語(yǔ)解釋
1.behavior n.行為;舉止
His behavior was, in a word, shocking.
總之，他的行為是令人震驚的。
2.ignorance n.無(wú)知;愚昧
He tried to veil his contempt at my ignorance.
他試圖掩飾對(duì)我的無(wú)知的蔑視。
3.conclusion n.結(jié)尾;結(jié)論
I found the conclusion of her story very exciting.
我覺(jué)得她那故事的結(jié)尾很激動(dòng)人心。
4.detector n.探測(cè)器
Thermopile is usually a blackened thermal detector.
熱堆一般是個(gè)涂黑了的熱探測(cè)器。
5.extrapolate v.推測(cè);推知
It is best if you can extrapolate this data.
最好是能夠外推此數(shù)據(jù)。
Follow my leader
跟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)走
A group s intelligence depends in part on itsmembers ignorance
群體智慧部分依賴于群體成員的愚昧
HUMAN beings like to think of themselves asthe animal kingdom s smartest alecks.
人們總是喜歡將自己看作動(dòng)物王國(guó)中最聰明的。
It may come as a surprise to some,therefore, that Iain Couzin of Princeton Universitybelieves they havesomething to learn from lesser creatures that move about in a largecrowd.
然而，令一些人感到驚訝的是，普林斯頓大學(xué)的Iain Couzin相信人們能從更低等的、大群活動(dòng)的動(dòng)物中學(xué)到東西。
Ashe told the AAAS meeting in Washington, DC, groups of animals often make whatlook likewise decisions, even when most of the members of those groups areignorant of what is goingon.
正如他在華盛頓AAAS召開(kāi)的會(huì)議上所說(shuō)的，雖然群居動(dòng)物中的大部分成員對(duì)接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么一無(wú)所知，但整個(gè)群體卻常常做出看起來(lái)更明智的決定。
Coming to that conclusion was noteasy.
得出這個(gè)結(jié)論并不容易。
Beforelessons can be drawn from critters perched on the lower rungs of theevolutionaryladder, their behaviour must first be understood.
因?yàn)楸仨毷紫壤斫膺@些動(dòng)物的行為，人們才能借鑒，而由于這些動(dòng)物處于進(jìn)化階梯的較低位置。
One way to dothis is to tag them with devices that follow themaroundmotion-capturesensors, radio transmitters or global-positioning-system detectorsthat can puta precise figure on their movements.
要做到這點(diǎn)，首先要用設(shè)備為他們打上標(biāo)簽以便跟蹤采用運(yùn)動(dòng)傳感器、無(wú)線電發(fā)射裝置和全球定位系統(tǒng)的探測(cè)器能精確描述它們活動(dòng)。
Unfortunately, it is impossible to tag morethan a few individuals in a herd, flock or swarm.
不幸的是，能被標(biāo)定的個(gè)體只是獸群、鳥(niǎo)群或蜂群中的少數(shù)。
Researchers have thereforetended to extrapolate from these few results by using variouscomputer models.
研究者們因此將這些少量數(shù)據(jù)采用各種電腦模型進(jìn)行推演。
Dr Couzin has done quite a bit of this himself.
Couzin博士已經(jīng)完成了一部分工作。
Most recently, he has modelledthe behaviour of shoals of fish.
最近，他建立了魚(yú)群行為模型。
He posited that how they swim will depend oneach individual s competing tendencies to stickclose to the others while not actually getting too close to anyparticular other fish.
他推測(cè)魚(yú)群游動(dòng)的方式有賴于魚(yú)類個(gè)體傾向于截住對(duì)方，而又不真的靠近對(duì)方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式。
It turns out that by fiddling with these tendencies, avirtual shoal can be made to swirlspontaneously in a circle, just like somereal species do.
基于這些傾向就歸納出模型，這些模擬的魚(yú)群可以自行轉(zhuǎn)圈巡游，就像真的一樣。
That is a start.
那只是一個(gè)開(kāi)始。
But real shoals do not existto swim in circles.
不過(guò)真實(shí)的魚(yú)群并不只是轉(zhuǎn)圈游動(dòng)。
Their purpose is to help their members eat and avoid beingeaten.
他們的目的是幫助成員覓食，同時(shí)防止被獵食。
At any one time, however, only some individuals know aboutand can thusreact tofood andthreats.
然而，無(wú)論什么時(shí)候，只有一些個(gè)體能對(duì)食物和威脅做出反應(yīng)。
Dr Couzin therefore wanted to find out how suchtemporary leaders influence the behaviour ofthe rest.
因此，Couzin博士想找出這些臨時(shí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)如何影響其余個(gè)體行為。
He discovered that leadership is extremelyefficient.
Couzin博士發(fā)現(xiàn)這種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式及其有效。
The larger a shoal is, the smaller is the proportion of it thatneeds to know what is actuallygoing on for it to feed and avoid predationeffectively.
魚(yú)群越大，需要知道接下來(lái)做什么才能有效覓食和避免危險(xiǎn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)比例就越小。
Indeed, having too many leaders with conflicting opinions resultsin confusion.
的確，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)越多，矛盾觀點(diǎn)造成的混亂就越多。
At least, that is true in the model.
至少，模型上是這樣。
He is now testing it inreality.
他現(xiàn)在正在真實(shí)環(huán)境下測(cè)試模型。
Tracking individual fish in a shoal is hard.
跟蹤記錄魚(yú)群中的個(gè)體很困難。
Fortunately, advances in pattern-recognition software mean it is no longerimpossible.
幸運(yùn)的是，模式識(shí)別軟件的進(jìn)步讓這變成可能。
Systems designed to follow people are now clever enough not only totrack a person in acrowd, but also to tell in which direction his head isturned.
為跟蹤人類設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)足夠智能，不僅能跟蹤人群中的某個(gè)人，而且能顯示這個(gè)人的頭轉(zhuǎn)向何方。
Since, from above, the oval shape of a human head is not unlike theoblong body of a fish, thissoftware can, with a little tweaking, followpiscine antics, too.
因此，盡管魚(yú)類的身體是長(zhǎng)條形，與這個(gè)軟件可以識(shí)別的人類橢圓形頭部不同，從原理上說(shuō)，只要稍作修改使之適應(yīng)魚(yú)類外形即可。
Robo fish
機(jī)器魚(yú)
Dr Couzin has been using a program developedby Colin Twomey, a graduate student at hislaboratory, to track individual fishin a tank.
Couzin博士一直在使用他實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究生Colin Twomey開(kāi)發(fā)的程序來(lái)記錄水池中魚(yú)類個(gè)體的行為。
The result is not just a model of shoaling fish, but a precisenumerical representation of theiractual movements and fields of vision.
這個(gè)成果不僅是魚(yú)群的模型，更是魚(yú)群真實(shí)行動(dòng)和視野的精確數(shù)值反應(yīng)。
Thatmeans it is possible to investigate whether real-life fishy leaders have thesame effecton a group as their virtual kin.
這就意味著深入研究真實(shí)魚(yú)群中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們與他們的模擬親戚在魚(yú)群中是否有同樣影響變成可能。
Alas, merely observing a shoal does not makeit clear which individuals lead and whichfollow.
然而，僅僅只觀察一個(gè)魚(yú)群并不能清楚地區(qū)分哪個(gè)是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，哪個(gè)是隨從。
Instead, Dr Couzin has builta biddable robot three-spined stickleback.
作為替代，Couzin博士制作了一條能發(fā)出命令的機(jī)器三棘刺魚(yú)。
A preliminary study of a shoal often flesh-and-blood sticklebacks shows that they do indeedmingle with therobot and that they follow its leadership cues as predicted.
對(duì)一個(gè)有十條真實(shí)刺魚(yú)魚(yú)群的初步研究顯示，他們確實(shí)接納了那條機(jī)器魚(yú)，并且接受它的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指示。
He is now making arobot predator to see how the shoal reacts to less benign intruders.
他現(xiàn)在正在制作一個(gè)機(jī)器獵食者，用來(lái)觀察魚(yú)群對(duì)兇猛入侵者的反應(yīng)。
If the models are anything to go by, the bestoutcome for the groupin this case, not beingeatenseems to depend on mostmembers being blissfully unaware of the world outside theshoal and simplytaking their cue from others.
如果模型一切正常，那么就可得出對(duì)群體來(lái)說(shuō)最好的結(jié)果不會(huì)被吃掉這看起來(lái)有賴于大多數(shù)成員對(duì)魚(yú)群外部世界毫無(wú)知覺(jué)，僅僅只是接受其他魚(yú)指示的傻魚(yú)傻福。
This phenomenon, Dr Couzin argues, applies to allmanner of organisms, from individualcells in a tissue to voters in the democratic process.
Couzin博士指出，這個(gè)現(xiàn)象符合所有的組織行為，從組織中的個(gè)體單位到民主過(guò)程中的選民。
His team has already begun probing thequestion of voting patterns.
他的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始探索選舉模式的問(wèn)題。
But is ignorance really political bliss?
然而，愚昧真是政治之福嗎?
DrCouzin s models do not yet capture what happens when the leaders themselvesturn out tobe sharks.
Couzin博士的模型還沒(méi)有涉及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們自己變成鯊魚(yú)會(huì)發(fā)生什么。
詞語(yǔ)解釋
1.behavior n.行為;舉止
His behavior was, in a word, shocking.
總之，他的行為是令人震驚的。
2.ignorance n.無(wú)知;愚昧
He tried to veil his contempt at my ignorance.
他試圖掩飾對(duì)我的無(wú)知的蔑視。
3.conclusion n.結(jié)尾;結(jié)論
I found the conclusion of her story very exciting.
我覺(jué)得她那故事的結(jié)尾很激動(dòng)人心。
4.detector n.探測(cè)器
Thermopile is usually a blackened thermal detector.
熱堆一般是個(gè)涂黑了的熱探測(cè)器。
5.extrapolate v.推測(cè);推知
It is best if you can extrapolate this data.
最好是能夠外推此數(shù)據(jù)。
