悼念艾倫施瓦茨
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Obituary 逝者 Aaron Swartz 艾倫施瓦茨 Aaron Swartz, computer programmer and activist,committed suicide on January 11th, aged 26 艾倫施瓦茨，計算機(jī)程序員、活動家，1月11日自殺身亡，享年26歲 SMALL, dark, cluttered places were important in the life of Aaron Swartz. His days were spenthunched in his bedroom over his MacBook Pro, his short-sighted eyes nearly grazing thescreen, in a litter of snaking cables and hard drives. In the heady days of 2005 when he wasdeveloping Reddit, now the web s most popular bulletin board, he and his three co-foundersshared a house in Somerville, Massachusetts, where he slept in a cupboard. And it was in acupboardan unlocked wiring cupboard, where a homeless man kept stuffthat in November2010 he surreptitiously placed a laptop, hidden under a box, and plugged it directly into thecomputer network at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 狹小、幽暗、凌亂的空間，在艾倫施瓦茨的生命中擔(dān)當(dāng)著重要角色。他會成天抱著自己的高端蘋果筆記本貓在臥室里，身邊全是纏雜的線纜和散亂的硬盤。由于近視，他的眼睛幾乎快要貼到屏幕上，于是他曾問自己：筆記本的屏幕為何不與眼睛在同一水平線?2005年是讓他沉醉的日子：現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上最熱門的公告板Reddit，就是他和其他三位創(chuàng)始人一道在那年開發(fā)的。那時，他們在麻省的薩默維爾市合住一套房子，而施瓦茨就睡在一個板柜里。2010年10月，同樣也是在一個板柜里，他偷偷地在一個盒子下面藏了一臺筆記本：那是一個沒有上鎖的配線柜，被一名流浪者當(dāng)作了儲物間;從這里，施瓦茨的筆記本徑直接入了麻省理工大學(xué)的電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 His aim was to download as many pages as possible from an archive of academic journalscalled JSTOR, which was available by paid subscription only to libraries and institutions. Thatwas morally wrong, he thought; the knowledge contained in it had to be made available,free, to everyone. And it was absurdly simple to do that. He already had access to the librarynetwork; no need to hack into the system. He just ran a script, called keepgrabbing.py,which liberated 4.8m articles at almost dangerous speed. MIT tried to block him, but timeafter time he outwitted them; and then, as a last resort, he plugged in the laptop in thecupboard. 他的目的，是要從學(xué)術(shù)期刊存儲系統(tǒng)JSTOR上盡量多下載些內(nèi)容。JSTOR只對付費圖書館和院校機(jī)構(gòu)開放，而這在他看來有違道義：畢竟其中的知識往往都是公共資助的成果，所以必須向所有人免費開放。而且，開放這些信息的方法簡單得離譜：他已能進(jìn)入圖書館的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，因此沒有必要使用黑客手段;所以他只是調(diào)用了一個名為keepgrabbing.py的腳本，就讓480萬篇文章脫離了JSTOR的禁錮，如此駭人的速度令該系統(tǒng)幾近崩潰。麻省理工曾試圖阻止他，卻被他一次次地智勝。隨后，他將藏在柜中的筆記本接入了網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以此作為最后一著。 He had form on this; lots of form. In 2006 he got hold of the book cataloguing data kept bythe Library of Congress, usually steeply charged for, and posted them free in the OpenLibrary. In 2009 he wormed his way into a free-access trial of the PACER system, whichcontains all electronic federal court records, in certain public libraries; he downloaded 19.9mpages of it, then uploaded them to the cloud, before anyone could stop him. Again, it waseasy: using a small, elegant language called perl, the documents fell into his hands. 他在這方面有過前科，而且次數(shù)不少。2006年，他拿到了國會圖書館的書目數(shù)據(jù);這些信息往往需要高額費用方可獲取，但卻被他免費放到了公共圖書館上。2009年，他又在幾家公立圖書館中，設(shè)法進(jìn)入了PACER系統(tǒng)的免費試用服務(wù);該系統(tǒng)存有所有電子版的聯(lián)邦法庭記錄，他下載了其中的1990萬頁，并在有人可以阻止之前，上傳到了云網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這次行動同樣易如反掌：他只用了精巧的Perl語言，就將文檔拿到了手。 He seemed to have been doing this for ever, writing programs to liberate information. At 12or 13a plump, bookish boy with a computer-company executive for a father and a veryearly Mac in the denhe set up theinfo.org, a sort of Wikipedia before the fact, which wasgoing to contain all the world s knowledge on one website. A mere year or so later he wasworking with Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the world wide web, to launch the Semantic Web toimprove data-sharing, and developing RSS 1.0 to distribute videos and news stories. Hehelped set up Creative Commons, too, which made copyright licensing simpler. 編寫程序，以讓信息自由這似乎就是他一直從事的工作。十二三歲時，施瓦茨還是個胖乎乎的小書蟲，有個在電腦公司當(dāng)老總的父親，還有小屋里的一臺古董蘋果機(jī)。那時，包羅世間知識的維基百科還未問世，他就已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建了一個同類網(wǎng)站：theinfo.org。僅約一年之后，他又聯(lián)手互聯(lián)網(wǎng)之父蒂姆伯納斯李，發(fā)起了語義網(wǎng)項目來促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)共享;同時，他還開發(fā)了用于視頻和資訊傳播的RSS 1.0規(guī)則。此外，他還協(xié)助創(chuàng)立了知識共享，這一項目同樣簡化了版權(quán)的授權(quán)。 All this could have made him a fortune, but he had no interest in that. He wanted a worldthat was better, freer and more progressive. He dropped out of high school, then out ofStanford, educating himself instead by reading prodigious numbers of books, mostlyphilosophy. He made friends and fell loudly out with them because they couldn t be asperfectionist as he was. At gatherings he would turn up messy-haired and half-shaven, theshy nerd s look, but with the intense dark gaze and sudden, confident grin of a young manout to turn society on its head. 這一切原本可以讓他發(fā)筆大財，但施瓦茨對此并無興趣。他想要的是一個更加美好、更加自由、更加進(jìn)步的世界。他沒有念完中學(xué)，此后又從斯坦福輟學(xué)。他的自學(xué)途徑是閱讀大量的書籍，多半是哲學(xué)書。他結(jié)交了一些朋友，又和他們吵得面紅耳赤，因為他們無法像他一樣追求完美。他會帶著亂蓬蓬的頭發(fā)和沒刮凈的胡子出現(xiàn)在聚會上，看上去像個癡迷技術(shù)的書呆子;但深邃的目光，以及突然綻放、充滿自信的笑容，卻正是一個試圖倒轉(zhuǎn)乾坤的青年所有。 A lot of money came his way when Reddit was sold to Cond Nast in 2006, but relocation toan office made him miserable. Google offered him jobs, but he turned them down asunexciting. Political campaigning became his passion. He wanted to see everythingavailable online, free, with nothing held back by elites or big money, and nothing censored.Information was power, as he proclaimed in his Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto of 2008, andwar was needed by stealth, in the dark, underground, for the freedom to connect. In2011 there was no fiercer voice against the Stop Online Piracy Act, and in 2023 no oneprouder to proclaim it dead. 2006年，Reddit被康泰納仕集團(tuán)收購，施瓦茨從中獲利頗豐。不過，搬到辦公室后的生活讓他苦悶不已。谷歌邀請他加盟，但他以工作乏味為由拒絕。政治運動成了他的熱愛：他希望看到，所有信息都可以在網(wǎng)上免費獲取，沒有什么能被上流人士或企業(yè)財閥阻隔，也沒有什么會遭到審查。正如他2008年的《開放存取的游擊宣言》一文所言，信息即是權(quán)力，網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)的自由需要暗地里秘密的地下斗爭。他的聲音，在2011年抵制《禁止網(wǎng)絡(luò)盜版法案》的運動中最為激烈，而在2023年宣布該法案倒斃時也最為自豪。 The JSTOR business, however, got him into deep trouble. When he went back to the cupboardfor his laptop, police arrested him. He was charged on 13 counts, including wire fraud andtheft of information, and was to go on trial in the spring, facing up to 35 years of jail. Thecharges, brought by a federal prosecutor, were hugely disproportionate to what he had done;MIT and JSTOR had both settled with him, and JSTOR, as if chastened by him, had evenopened some of its public-domain archive. But theft was theft, said the prosecution. 然而JSTOR一事，卻讓他深陷困境。在回去取配線柜中的筆記本時，他被警方拘捕。一位聯(lián)邦檢察官對他提起13項指控，其中包括電信欺詐和信息竊取。此案原本定于今年春天開庭，屆時他將面臨最高35年的牢獄。但與他的行為相比，這些指控實在過重。況且，麻省理工和JSTOR都已同他和解，而JSTOR甚至開放了部分公共領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容。然而檢方表示，盜竊畢竟是盜竊。 Darkness to light 從黑暗通向光明 All this added to a weight that had oppressed him for many years. Look up, not down, heurged readers of his weblog; Embrace your failings. Lean into the pain. It was hard totake that advice himself. He kept getting ill, several illnesses at once. Migraines sliced into hisscalp; his body burned. And he was sad most of the time, a sadness like streaks of painrunning through him. Books, friends, philosophy, even blogs didn t help. He just wanted to liein bed and keep the lights off. 因為這一切，本已抑郁多年的施瓦茨更是不堪負(fù)重。雖然他曾懇請自己博客的讀者要振作起來，不要灰心、要擁抱失敗、要不畏痛苦，但自己卻很難接受同樣的建議。他不斷地生病，同時飽受著幾種病痛的折磨：偏頭痛有如刀割，身體也像著了火。而且他大多數(shù)時候都很憂傷，這憂傷就如陣陣病痛，侵蝕著他的全身。書籍、朋友、哲學(xué)甚至博客都無濟(jì)于事;他只想躺在床上，關(guān)上所有的燈光。 In 2002 he posted instructions for after his death. To be in a grave would be all right, as longas he had access to oxygen and no dirt on top of him; and as long as all the contents of hishard drives were made publicly available, nothing deleted, nothing withheld, nothingsecret, nothing charged for; all information out in the light of day, as everything should be. 2002年時，施瓦茨就在網(wǎng)上為自己安排了身后事。在他看來，寄身墓室沒什么大不了，只要可以接觸氧氣，只要沒有污泥覆頂，只要自己硬盤上所有的內(nèi)容都向公眾開放沒有絲毫刪節(jié)，沒有絲毫保留，沒有任何秘密，也沒有任何資費。所有信息都坦露于天光之下，一如世間萬物應(yīng)有之態(tài)。 詞語解釋 1.commit suicide 自殺;自尋了斷 Your father I will nip the tongue to commit suicide. 你老爸我會咬舌自盡的。 Therefore, I cannot understand those who commitsuicide. 所以，我無法理解那些輕生的人。 2.access to 有權(quán)使用 Tesla owners get access to its few supercharge stations for free. Tesla的車主可以在其為數(shù)不多的超級充電站免費充電。 And did I mention access to capital? 我是不是提到了獲得融資渠道這一點? 3.need to 需要 That s all you need to do! 別的什么都不用做! We really need to reconceive careers. 我們真的需要重新審視我們的職業(yè)狀況。 4.set up 建立;準(zhǔn)備; 安排 The students also set up debating teams. 學(xué)生們還成立了辯論隊。 The french government has set up a sovereign-wealth fund. 法國政府設(shè)立了一個主權(quán)財富基金。
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Obituary 逝者 Aaron Swartz 艾倫施瓦茨 Aaron Swartz, computer programmer and activist,committed suicide on January 11th, aged 26 艾倫施瓦茨，計算機(jī)程序員、活動家，1月11日自殺身亡，享年26歲 SMALL, dark, cluttered places were important in the life of Aaron Swartz. His days were spenthunched in his bedroom over his MacBook Pro, his short-sighted eyes nearly grazing thescreen, in a litter of snaking cables and hard drives. In the heady days of 2005 when he wasdeveloping Reddit, now the web s most popular bulletin board, he and his three co-foundersshared a house in Somerville, Massachusetts, where he slept in a cupboard. And it was in acupboardan unlocked wiring cupboard, where a homeless man kept stuffthat in November2010 he surreptitiously placed a laptop, hidden under a box, and plugged it directly into thecomputer network at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 狹小、幽暗、凌亂的空間，在艾倫施瓦茨的生命中擔(dān)當(dāng)著重要角色。他會成天抱著自己的高端蘋果筆記本貓在臥室里，身邊全是纏雜的線纜和散亂的硬盤。由于近視，他的眼睛幾乎快要貼到屏幕上，于是他曾問自己：筆記本的屏幕為何不與眼睛在同一水平線?2005年是讓他沉醉的日子：現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上最熱門的公告板Reddit，就是他和其他三位創(chuàng)始人一道在那年開發(fā)的。那時，他們在麻省的薩默維爾市合住一套房子，而施瓦茨就睡在一個板柜里。2010年10月，同樣也是在一個板柜里，他偷偷地在一個盒子下面藏了一臺筆記本：那是一個沒有上鎖的配線柜，被一名流浪者當(dāng)作了儲物間;從這里，施瓦茨的筆記本徑直接入了麻省理工大學(xué)的電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 His aim was to download as many pages as possible from an archive of academic journalscalled JSTOR, which was available by paid subscription only to libraries and institutions. Thatwas morally wrong, he thought; the knowledge contained in it had to be made available,free, to everyone. And it was absurdly simple to do that. He already had access to the librarynetwork; no need to hack into the system. He just ran a script, called keepgrabbing.py,which liberated 4.8m articles at almost dangerous speed. MIT tried to block him, but timeafter time he outwitted them; and then, as a last resort, he plugged in the laptop in thecupboard. 他的目的，是要從學(xué)術(shù)期刊存儲系統(tǒng)JSTOR上盡量多下載些內(nèi)容。JSTOR只對付費圖書館和院校機(jī)構(gòu)開放，而這在他看來有違道義：畢竟其中的知識往往都是公共資助的成果，所以必須向所有人免費開放。而且，開放這些信息的方法簡單得離譜：他已能進(jìn)入圖書館的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，因此沒有必要使用黑客手段;所以他只是調(diào)用了一個名為keepgrabbing.py的腳本，就讓480萬篇文章脫離了JSTOR的禁錮，如此駭人的速度令該系統(tǒng)幾近崩潰。麻省理工曾試圖阻止他，卻被他一次次地智勝。隨后，他將藏在柜中的筆記本接入了網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以此作為最后一著。 He had form on this; lots of form. In 2006 he got hold of the book cataloguing data kept bythe Library of Congress, usually steeply charged for, and posted them free in the OpenLibrary. In 2009 he wormed his way into a free-access trial of the PACER system, whichcontains all electronic federal court records, in certain public libraries; he downloaded 19.9mpages of it, then uploaded them to the cloud, before anyone could stop him. Again, it waseasy: using a small, elegant language called perl, the documents fell into his hands. 他在這方面有過前科，而且次數(shù)不少。2006年，他拿到了國會圖書館的書目數(shù)據(jù);這些信息往往需要高額費用方可獲取，但卻被他免費放到了公共圖書館上。2009年，他又在幾家公立圖書館中，設(shè)法進(jìn)入了PACER系統(tǒng)的免費試用服務(wù);該系統(tǒng)存有所有電子版的聯(lián)邦法庭記錄，他下載了其中的1990萬頁，并在有人可以阻止之前，上傳到了云網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這次行動同樣易如反掌：他只用了精巧的Perl語言，就將文檔拿到了手。 He seemed to have been doing this for ever, writing programs to liberate information. At 12or 13a plump, bookish boy with a computer-company executive for a father and a veryearly Mac in the denhe set up theinfo.org, a sort of Wikipedia before the fact, which wasgoing to contain all the world s knowledge on one website. A mere year or so later he wasworking with Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the world wide web, to launch the Semantic Web toimprove data-sharing, and developing RSS 1.0 to distribute videos and news stories. Hehelped set up Creative Commons, too, which made copyright licensing simpler. 編寫程序，以讓信息自由這似乎就是他一直從事的工作。十二三歲時，施瓦茨還是個胖乎乎的小書蟲，有個在電腦公司當(dāng)老總的父親，還有小屋里的一臺古董蘋果機(jī)。那時，包羅世間知識的維基百科還未問世，他就已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建了一個同類網(wǎng)站：theinfo.org。僅約一年之后，他又聯(lián)手互聯(lián)網(wǎng)之父蒂姆伯納斯李，發(fā)起了語義網(wǎng)項目來促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)共享;同時，他還開發(fā)了用于視頻和資訊傳播的RSS 1.0規(guī)則。此外，他還協(xié)助創(chuàng)立了知識共享，這一項目同樣簡化了版權(quán)的授權(quán)。 All this could have made him a fortune, but he had no interest in that. He wanted a worldthat was better, freer and more progressive. He dropped out of high school, then out ofStanford, educating himself instead by reading prodigious numbers of books, mostlyphilosophy. He made friends and fell loudly out with them because they couldn t be asperfectionist as he was. At gatherings he would turn up messy-haired and half-shaven, theshy nerd s look, but with the intense dark gaze and sudden, confident grin of a young manout to turn society on its head. 這一切原本可以讓他發(fā)筆大財，但施瓦茨對此并無興趣。他想要的是一個更加美好、更加自由、更加進(jìn)步的世界。他沒有念完中學(xué)，此后又從斯坦福輟學(xué)。他的自學(xué)途徑是閱讀大量的書籍，多半是哲學(xué)書。他結(jié)交了一些朋友，又和他們吵得面紅耳赤，因為他們無法像他一樣追求完美。他會帶著亂蓬蓬的頭發(fā)和沒刮凈的胡子出現(xiàn)在聚會上，看上去像個癡迷技術(shù)的書呆子;但深邃的目光，以及突然綻放、充滿自信的笑容，卻正是一個試圖倒轉(zhuǎn)乾坤的青年所有。 A lot of money came his way when Reddit was sold to Cond Nast in 2006, but relocation toan office made him miserable. Google offered him jobs, but he turned them down asunexciting. Political campaigning became his passion. He wanted to see everythingavailable online, free, with nothing held back by elites or big money, and nothing censored.Information was power, as he proclaimed in his Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto of 2008, andwar was needed by stealth, in the dark, underground, for the freedom to connect. In2011 there was no fiercer voice against the Stop Online Piracy Act, and in 2023 no oneprouder to proclaim it dead. 2006年，Reddit被康泰納仕集團(tuán)收購，施瓦茨從中獲利頗豐。不過，搬到辦公室后的生活讓他苦悶不已。谷歌邀請他加盟，但他以工作乏味為由拒絕。政治運動成了他的熱愛：他希望看到，所有信息都可以在網(wǎng)上免費獲取，沒有什么能被上流人士或企業(yè)財閥阻隔，也沒有什么會遭到審查。正如他2008年的《開放存取的游擊宣言》一文所言，信息即是權(quán)力，網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)的自由需要暗地里秘密的地下斗爭。他的聲音，在2011年抵制《禁止網(wǎng)絡(luò)盜版法案》的運動中最為激烈，而在2023年宣布該法案倒斃時也最為自豪。 The JSTOR business, however, got him into deep trouble. When he went back to the cupboardfor his laptop, police arrested him. He was charged on 13 counts, including wire fraud andtheft of information, and was to go on trial in the spring, facing up to 35 years of jail. Thecharges, brought by a federal prosecutor, were hugely disproportionate to what he had done;MIT and JSTOR had both settled with him, and JSTOR, as if chastened by him, had evenopened some of its public-domain archive. But theft was theft, said the prosecution. 然而JSTOR一事，卻讓他深陷困境。在回去取配線柜中的筆記本時，他被警方拘捕。一位聯(lián)邦檢察官對他提起13項指控，其中包括電信欺詐和信息竊取。此案原本定于今年春天開庭，屆時他將面臨最高35年的牢獄。但與他的行為相比，這些指控實在過重。況且，麻省理工和JSTOR都已同他和解，而JSTOR甚至開放了部分公共領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容。然而檢方表示，盜竊畢竟是盜竊。 Darkness to light 從黑暗通向光明 All this added to a weight that had oppressed him for many years. Look up, not down, heurged readers of his weblog; Embrace your failings. Lean into the pain. It was hard totake that advice himself. He kept getting ill, several illnesses at once. Migraines sliced into hisscalp; his body burned. And he was sad most of the time, a sadness like streaks of painrunning through him. Books, friends, philosophy, even blogs didn t help. He just wanted to liein bed and keep the lights off. 因為這一切，本已抑郁多年的施瓦茨更是不堪負(fù)重。雖然他曾懇請自己博客的讀者要振作起來，不要灰心、要擁抱失敗、要不畏痛苦，但自己卻很難接受同樣的建議。他不斷地生病，同時飽受著幾種病痛的折磨：偏頭痛有如刀割，身體也像著了火。而且他大多數(shù)時候都很憂傷，這憂傷就如陣陣病痛，侵蝕著他的全身。書籍、朋友、哲學(xué)甚至博客都無濟(jì)于事;他只想躺在床上，關(guān)上所有的燈光。 In 2002 he posted instructions for after his death. To be in a grave would be all right, as longas he had access to oxygen and no dirt on top of him; and as long as all the contents of hishard drives were made publicly available, nothing deleted, nothing withheld, nothingsecret, nothing charged for; all information out in the light of day, as everything should be. 2002年時，施瓦茨就在網(wǎng)上為自己安排了身后事。在他看來，寄身墓室沒什么大不了，只要可以接觸氧氣，只要沒有污泥覆頂，只要自己硬盤上所有的內(nèi)容都向公眾開放沒有絲毫刪節(jié)，沒有絲毫保留，沒有任何秘密，也沒有任何資費。所有信息都坦露于天光之下，一如世間萬物應(yīng)有之態(tài)。 詞語解釋 1.commit suicide 自殺;自尋了斷 Your father I will nip the tongue to commit suicide. 你老爸我會咬舌自盡的。 Therefore, I cannot understand those who commitsuicide. 所以，我無法理解那些輕生的人。 2.access to 有權(quán)使用 Tesla owners get access to its few supercharge stations for free. Tesla的車主可以在其為數(shù)不多的超級充電站免費充電。 And did I mention access to capital? 我是不是提到了獲得融資渠道這一點? 3.need to 需要 That s all you need to do! 別的什么都不用做! We really need to reconceive careers. 我們真的需要重新審視我們的職業(yè)狀況。 4.set up 建立;準(zhǔn)備; 安排 The students also set up debating teams. 學(xué)生們還成立了辯論隊。 The french government has set up a sovereign-wealth fund. 法國政府設(shè)立了一個主權(quán)財富基金。
